Gender roles and Social expectations
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best explains how parents unintentionally teach their children about gender expectations?

  • By being unaware that their deeply ingrained gender roles influence their behavior and choices. (correct)
  • By having open discussions about gender stereotypes with their children.
  • By enrolling their children in gender-specific extracurricular activities.
  • By consciously explaining the differences in abilities between boys and girls.

According to the passage, parents are equally likely to buy toy guns for their daughters and dolls for their sons.

False (B)

What is a term used to describe girls who play in ways more typical of boys, as mentioned in the text?

tomboy

Parents tend to expect boys to be rough and tumble, to get dirty, and to be more ______.

<p>defiant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parental expectation with the gender they are most likely associated with:

<p>Rough and Tumble Play = Boys Obedient and Dainty Behavior = Girls Buying Toy Guns = Boys Buying Dolls = Girls</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the description of Johnny Rocco, how does a family's reputation and social class impact a child's experiences?

<p>It shapes how others treat the child and the opportunities available to them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, middle-class parents are more likely to use physical punishment as a means of socialization compared to working-class parents.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do working-class parents tend to worry about more in their children, according to the passage?

<p>staying out of trouble</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Melvin Kohn's theory, what is the primary factor influencing parenting styles?

<p>The parents' occupations and the skills valued in those occupations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohn's research, all working-class parents prioritize obedience in their children.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What qualities do middle-class parents tend to foster in their children, according to the provided text?

<p>curiosity, self-control, and self-expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohn, parents in jobs where they are closely supervised are more likely to socialize their children to value ______.

<p>conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the class with the parenting style most aligned with it, according to Kohn:

<p>Working Class = Obedience and Conformity Middle Class = Initiative and Self-Expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

A working-class parent who works independently, making decisions on their own, is MOST likely to socialize their children in what way?

<p>In ways typical of most middle-class parents, fostering independence and initiative. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Melvin Kohn's theory suggests that there is no overlap between the parenting styles of working-class and middle-class parents.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what is one job characteristic that might lead a parent to socialize their child in a manner typical of middle-class parents, regardless of their own class?

<p>freedom to make decisions on their own</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Melvin Kohn, socialization varies by social class and may reflect the values necessary for what?

<p>The type of jobs held by the parents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Families are generally the first agents of socialization to teach children advanced mathematical concepts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the family in the early stages of a child's socialization?

<p>To provide the child's first exposure to the world and teach them norms, beliefs, values, and gender roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the family, a child learns to internalize norms, beliefs, and values, and develop a capacity for intimate and personal ______.

<p>relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically learned by children within the family environment?

<p>Developing complex problem-solving skills applicable across multiple domains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples best illustrates how families teach gender roles?

<p>Buying girls dolls and buying boys action figures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions.

<p>Norms = Societal expectations for behavior Beliefs = Principles or convictions held as true Values = Guiding principles in life Self-image = How one perceives oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child is encouraged to participate in team sports by their parents. How might this influence the child's socialization regarding gender roles?

<p>It challenges traditional gender roles by encouraging both boys and girls to be active. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a way that religion acts as a significant agent of socialization?

<p>Many religious values and ideas of morality have integrated into American culture, influencing societal norms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is one way that religion serves as an agent for socialization?

<p>It teaches children morals and beliefs, shaping their understanding of right and wrong. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Religion impacts socialization only for individuals who actively participate in religious services.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do schools differ from family as agents of socialization, particularly regarding relationships and evaluation?

<p>Schools establish impersonal relationships and performance-based evaluations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

School is considered the first __________ agent of socialization for children, where they are under the care of non-relatives.

<p>secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do schools begin to change a child’s emotional dependencies?

<p>By slowly teaching children to be less emotionally dependent on their parents and guardians. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of socialization with their corresponding agent:

<p>Imparting fundamental values and initial beliefs = Family Teaching objective evaluation and impersonal relationships = School Influencing views on morality and ethical behavior = Religion</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do schools prepare children for adult life through socialization?

<p>Through objective performance assessment and reducing emotional dependence on family. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary way families contribute to a child's socialization?

<p>Offering a substitute for human contact. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Religious participation increases the likelihood of divorce.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of schools, what is the primary basis for rewards and punishments that drives the socialization process?

<p>performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hidden curriculum in schools aims to instill characteristics such as discipline, order, cooperation, and ______ to prepare children for the adult world.

<p>conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the best description of what sociologists mean by 'hidden curriculum'?

<p>The informal and unofficial aspects of culture taught in schools. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics learned in the hidden curriculum is most relevant to preparing students for the adult world of work?

<p>Conformity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following social agents with the primary ways they contribute to socialization:

<p>Family = Instilling initial norms, values, and beliefs Religion = Providing moral guidelines and community Schools = Teaching discipline, order, and hidden curriculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schools primarily focus on affection rather than performance when giving rewards and punishments.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the most precise definition of a child's peer group?

<p>Individuals of roughly the same age and interests as the child. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best identifies how peer groups contribute to a child's socialization?

<p>By providing experience with competition and cooperation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is the only agency of socialization that is not controlled primarily by adults.

<p>peer group</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a form of mass media?

<p>Personal diary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mass media always presents completely realistic portrayals of various aspects of culture.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mass media helps integrate young children into society by:

<p>Displaying role models for them to imitate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do mass media offer children ideas about the values in their society?

<p>by creating role models for children</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following means of mass media with their primary function or characteristic:

<p>Television = Visual and auditory medium for entertainment and information Radio = Auditory medium for news, music, and talk shows Newspapers = Print medium for news and current events Internet = Digital medium for diverse content and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Unconscious Gender Role Teaching

The process where parents may unknowingly teach their children about societal expectations based on their gender.

Gendered Toys

Parents often buy specific toys for their children based on gender stereotypes, like guns for boys and dolls for girls.

Gendered Play Patterns

Parents may encourage different play styles based on their child's gender, such as rough play for boys and gentler play for girls.

Tomboy

A girl who enjoys playing in ways more traditionally associated with boys.

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Social Class Impact

Family's social standing impacts how a child is perceived and treated by others, even extending into adulthood.

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Working-Class Socialization

Working-class parents often prioritize keeping their children out of trouble and may use physical discipline more.

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Unintentional Socialization

Parents may not realize they are instilling certain social expectations and behaviors in their children.

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Social Class & Socialization

Socialization practices differ depending on whether a family is working-class or middle-class.

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Middle-Class Parenting Focus

Parents prioritize fostering curiosity, self-control, and self-expression in their children.

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Working-Class Parenting Focus

Parents prioritize obedience and conformity in their children.

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Melvin Kohn

A sociologist who studied the differences in values between working-class and middle-class parents.

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Working-Class Jobs & Obedience

Working-class parents' jobs often involve being told what to do, leading them to value obedience in their children.

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Middle-Class Jobs & Initiative

Middle-class parents' jobs often value initiative, leading them to instill similar qualities in their children.

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Conformity in Middle-Class

Even within classes, parents in closely supervised office jobs may value conformity.

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Initiative in Working-Class

Working-class parents with independent jobs (e.g., home repair) may socialize their children like middle-class parents.

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Jobs as the Deciding Factor

Parenting values are influenced more by job characteristics (autonomy vs. supervision) than by social class alone.

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Conformity

Tendency to follow established norms and rules. Common among the working class.

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Initiative

Tendency to take independent action and show leadership. Common among the middle class.

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Ascribed Status

Social position assigned at birth (e.g., race, gender).

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Achieved Status

Social position gained through effort and choices (e.g., job, education).

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Family

The primary agent of childhood socialization.

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Child's Family Learning

Learning to think, speak, internalize norms, develop relationships and a self-image.

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Teaching Gender Roles

Families teach children behaviors considered appropriate for their sex in their society.

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Social Class Influence

Family impacts socialization, reflecting job values held by parents.

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Religion & American Culture

Religious values and moral ideas are integrated into American culture.

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Religion's Socialization Role

It teaches values, morals, and beliefs specific to their religion.

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Religion & Family Stability

Adherence to a religion is correlated with lower divorce rates, strengthening families.

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Religion's role in teaching morals

It teaches children morals and beliefs.

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Religion's Broad Influence

Even those who don't attend services are exposed to religious values prevalent in the culture.

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School as Socialization Agent

The first secondary agent of socialization where relationships are impersonal.

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Schools Foster Independence

Children learn to be less emotionally reliant on their parents.

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Objective School Standards

A teacher judges by performance standards.

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Peer Group

Individuals of roughly the same age and interests as the child.

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Peer Group Contribution to Socialization

By providing experience with competition and cooperation.

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Peer Group Autonomy

The only socialization agency not primarily controlled by adults.

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Mass Media

Means of communication designed to reach the general population.

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Examples of Mass Media

Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, movies, books, and the Internet.

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Mass Media's Role in Socialization

Helps to integrate young children into society

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Mass Media Role Models

The mass media displays role models for children to imitate. Learning these role models helps integrate young children into society.

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Mass Media and Values

Offers children ideas about the values in their society.

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Socialization

The process by which individuals learn to conform to the norms, values, and roles of their society.

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Family's Role in Socialization

The family teaches children how to think, speak, internalize norms, form relationships and acquire a self-image.

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Family and Gender Roles

Families are typically the first to teach children about gender roles appropriate for their society and its culture.

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Religion's Role in Socialization

Religious values transmit morals and beliefs and attending services teaches these values and strengthens family stability.

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School's Role in Socialization

Rewards and punishments based on performance, discipline, order, cooperation, and conformity preparing them for the adult world.

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Hidden Curriculum

The informal, unofficial aspects of culture that children are taught in preparation for life.

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Hidden Curriculum teaches

Teaches children discipline, order, cooperation, and conformity.

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Peer groups leads to...

Conform to the norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors.

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Study Notes

Agents of Socialization

  • Major agents of socialization during childhood and adolescence: family, religion, school, peer groups, and mass media

Role of Family

  • Foundational in shaping basic values
  • A child's first exposure to the world occurs within their family
  • This makes family the primary agent of childhood socialization
  • A child learns to think and speak, internalizes norms, values, and beliefs, forms basic attitudes, develops a capacity for personal relationships, and acquires a self-image
  • Teach children the gender roles considered appropriate in the general society or in their culture
  • Social class also impacts how families socialize children
  • The impact of family can extend far beyond its direct effects, shaping one's self-perception and how others treat them into adulthood

Family and Gender Roles

  • Expected behaviors assigned to individuals based on their gender
  • Families are generally the initial agents of socialization
  • Adults' ingrained gender roles can lead to unintentional teaching of gender expectations
  • Parents often reinforce these roles through toy selection
  • Parents expect boys to be rough and tumble, and daughters to be obedient and dainty

Family and Social Class

  • Socialization varies by social class
  • Family, social class shapes thoughts and how others treat them
  • Working-class parents prioritize keeping children out of trouble and may use physical punishment more often
  • Middle-class parents focus on fostering curiosity, self-control, etc

The Role of Religion

  • It plays a significant role in most societies with references being widespread
  • Sociologist Thomas Luckmann refers to it as "invisible religion"
  • Invisible religion refers to societal values originated within it but have become part of the broader culture
  • It is more impactful for those who attend services
  • Religion teaches specific values, beliefs and morals
  • Reduces the likelihood of divorce, thus strengthening the family

The Role of Schools

  • Schools are a secondary agent of socialization
  • They are the first environment where children are supervised by non-relatives
  • They can create feelings of loyalty
  • Rewards and punishments are based on performance rather than affection
  • Evaluations are done using objective standards
  • Creates the hidden curriculum, based on the informal aspects of culture

School and Time

  • Schools teach how we experience time in the real world
  • A preset number of activities within a given time often becomes more important than learning
  • Schools teach children, discipline, order, cooperation, and conformity

Peer Groups

  • It is composed of individuals of roughly the same age and interests
  • Children experience conflict, competition, and cooperation in such groups
  • Peer groups are the only agents of socialization that are not controlled primarily by adults
  • Peer groups give children experience in self-direction, promote independence, and teach them how to get along

Mass Media

  • It encompasses various communication forms to reach the general population
  • Depicts distorted images in detective and police work
  • Provides role models for children to imitate, helping integrate into society
  • Offers ideas about values, achievement, success, activity and work, and equality and democracy
  • When presented inaccurately, mass media can be used as a vehicle for propaganda

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Explore how parents unintentionally teach gender expectations. Understand parental expectations associated with each gender. Delve into the influence of family reputation and social class on a child's experiences.

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