Questions and Answers
The concept of 'Yin and Yang' includes the ideas of 'dark and light' and 'soft and hard'.
True
'Xing' is a modern Chinese word that means 'conflict'.
False
Chinese philosophy suggests that individuals cannot change due to their cultural surroundings.
False
'Xing' can be defined as the natural tendency of the heart and mind.
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Historical texts do not discuss the roles of gender in social order.
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The philosophy of gender has been a topic of interest since ancient times.
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'Yin and Yang' are viewed as static elements in Chinese culture.
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Cultural surroundings have no effect on an individual's nature according to Shen & D'Ambrosio.
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In the Arapesh tribe, both men and women displayed traditionally feminine traits.
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The Mundugamor tribe is known for both men and women exhibiting extreme sensitivity and cooperation.
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Gender definitions were consistent and similar among all tribes observed.
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Mead concluded that tradition is a stronger social force than biology in determining gender behavior.
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Foucault argued that gender is an essential part of humanity, separate from social constructions.
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Gayle Rubin suggested that sexual identities and behaviors are hierarchically organized.
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Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick argued that the definitions of sexuality are largely independent of gender.
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In the Tchambuli tribe, men were socially dominant and displayed aggressive traits.
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Abraham Maslow developed his Hierarchy of Social Needs while studying self-esteem and sexual behavior.
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Gender congruence refers to the mismatch between an individual's gender identity and their biological sex.
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Conflict Theory, developed by Karl Marx, focuses primarily on harmony among social groups.
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According to Conflict Theory, gender dynamics are seen as men trying to maintain power over women.
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Margaret Mead observed gender roles in Westernized cultures.
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Gender congruence is a process that can happen overnight.
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The traditional gendered division of labor is unrelated to social inequality.
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A person's more basic needs must be met before they can focus on belongingness and esteem.
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Judith Butler argues that gender is an essential truth obtained from one's body.
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Heterosexuality is considered by Butler to be the only proper outcome of gender norms.
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Gender performativity can be a strategy of resistance according to Butler.
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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1950.
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Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of their status.
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The Human Rights Council replaced the UN Commission on Human Rights in 2006.
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EO 227 refers to an act prohibiting discrimination against women in employment conditions in the Philippines.
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The Human Rights Council is composed of 47 State representatives.
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RA 7877, also known as the Anti-Sexual Harassment Act, makes sexual harassment unlawful in the workplace.
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RA 6949 designates March 8 as National Women's Day, a non-working holiday.
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RA 9262 addresses issues related to violence against men and children.
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The Magna Carta of Women aims to eliminate discrimination by promoting the rights of Filipino men.
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Art. II, Sec. 14 of the 1987 Constitution emphasizes the equality before the law of women and men.
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RA 10361 is also known as the Batas Kasambahay, which regulates the wages of domestic workers.
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RA 7192 focuses on integrating women as full and equal partners in development and nation building.
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Art. IV, Sec. 1(2) of the 1987 Constitution indicates that individuals born to foreign parents are citizens of the Philippines.
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Study Notes
Philosophical Foundations of Gender
- Gender has been part of human consciousness throughout history, influencing perceptions of man, woman, and "other."
- Yin and Yang in Chinese philosophy symbolizes the duality of gender, suggesting that both sexes possess traits of the other.
- The term Xing (gender) is derived from Chinese characters that mean "heart and mind" and "growth," emphasizing gender as an inherent natural tendency.
- Cultural surroundings play a significant role in shaping individual nature and behavior, indicating the dynamic relationship between gender and culture.
- Hierarchy in gender roles, highlighted by the Record of Rituals, emphasizes the necessity of gender differences for societal order.
- Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Social Needs outlines that basic needs must be met before higher needs like belongingness and self-fulfillment.
- Gender congruence occurs when an individual's gender identity aligns with their internal sense of self, influenced by clothing and activities.
- Transitioning, in gender terms, refers to an alignment of one’s gender identity with their expression, often moving beyond traditional binaries.
Sociological Foundations of Gender
- Conflict Theory, introduced by Karl Marx, views society as a power struggle where men maintain masculine dominance, impacting women negatively.
- Social inequality manifests through wage disparities and traditional gender roles, resulting in conflict in gender relations.
- Margaret Mead’s anthropological studies in three tribes (Arapesh, Mundugamor, Tchambuli) showed diverse gender expressions, challenging the idea that gender roles are biologically determined.
- Mead concluded that culture significantly influences gender behavior, highlighting that sex does not equal gender.
- Michel Foucault theorized that gender is socially constructed, pointing out that power relations shape societal understanding of sexuality and gender.
- Gayle Rubin discussed the hierarchy of sexual identities, showing how societal norms privilege certain expressions over others.
- Judith Butler asserted that gender is performative—it's enacted through behaviors and can be resisted through non-conforming expressions like drag and cross-dressing.
Legal Foundations and Protection of Gender
- Gender equality is upheld as a human right under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), emphasizing inherent rights to all individuals.
- The Human Rights Council, established in 2006, is tasked with addressing human rights violations globally.
- Philippine legislative measures include various acts such as:
- RA 6725: Strengthens anti-discrimination in employment for women.
- RA 7877: Declares sexual harassment unlawful in various settings.
- Legislation supporting maternity benefits, domestic workers' rights, and protection against violence.
- The 1987 Philippine Constitution emphasizes:
- Recognition of women's roles in nation-building and equality before the law.
- Protection of working women's rights, considering their unique needs.
- An integrated approach to health that prioritizes vulnerable groups, including women.
Key Articles from the 1987 Constitution
- Article II, Section 14: Ensures fundamental equality of genders in nation-building.
- Article XIII, Section 14: Safeguards working women's conditions in labor.
- Article XIII, Section 11: Promotes comprehensive health development targeting underprivileged demographics.
- Article IV, Section 1(2): Defines citizenship in the Philippines, including descent from Filipino parents.
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Description
Explore the philosophical underpinnings of gender from historical and cultural perspectives. This quiz delves into concepts like Yin and Yang and other significant dialogues that shape our understanding of gender from ancient philosophies to modern interpretations.
