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Questions and Answers
What is a key criticism of Lakoff's 1975 research on language and gender?
What is the main argument of the 'Difference Model' of language and gender?
Who is the author of the book 'You Just Don't Understand' (1990)?
What is the main finding of Janet Hyde's 'Gender Similarities Hypothesis'?
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According to the 'Dominance Model', what is the role of men in mixed-sex interactions?
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What is a key criticism of the 'Deficit Model' of language and gender?
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Who is the author of the book 'The Myth of Mars and Venus' (2007)?
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What is a key finding of Trudgill's 1970s research on language and gender?
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Study Notes
Language and Gender Revision List
Gender Representation and Stereotypes
- Language has been reformed to address gender representation and stereotypes
- Gender marking is a key aspect of language and gender studies
Deficit Models
- Lakoff (1975) developed a deficit model, suggesting that women's language is weak and lacking
- Examples of Lakoff's list include:
- Women use more polite language and tag questions
- Women use more hedges and fillers
- Women use more indirect language
- Male as norm, female as weak is a common critique of Lakoff's model
- Problems with research conducted by Lakoff, including biased samples and methods
Criticism of Deficit Models
- O'Barr and Atkins (1980) criticized Lakoff's model, suggesting that language is not just about power, but about relationships and social context
- Seymour ( SMJ Japanese group) and Maltz and Borker (1982) also criticized deficit models
Dominance Models
- Zimmerman and West (1975) developed a dominance model, suggesting that men interrupt women more in mixed-sex interactions
- Male as norm, seeking to dominate in mixed-sex interactions, female as weak
- Problems with research conducted, including biased samples and methods
- Geoff Beattie (1982) criticized dominance models, suggesting that interruptions are not gender-specific
Alternative Models
- Pamela Fishman (1983) developed an alternative model, focusing on how women maintain relationships through language (conversational "shitwork")
- Male language is seen as at fault, moving away from deficit models
Difference Models
- Deborah Tannen (1990) developed a difference model, suggesting that men and women have different communication styles
- Six contrasts, including:
- Independence vs. intimacy
- Status vs. support
- Advice vs. understanding
- Criticism from the linguistic community, including Professor Alice Freed, suggesting that Tannen misinterpreted previous studies
Diversity and Similarities
- Deborah Cameron (2007) criticized the myth of Mars and Venus, suggesting that analysis of gender has looked for differences, not similarities
- Janet Hyde (_gender similarities hypothesis) conducted a meta-analysis, showing more similarities than differences in the way people use language
- Non-gender focused studies that may help, including:
- Trudgill (1970s) on non-standard consonant patterns in Norwich
- Cheshire (1982) on Reading teenagers and standard features
- Milroy (1987) on social networks in Belfast and language use
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of gender representation, stereotypes, and language reform, including Lakoff's deficit model and the criticism by O'Barr and Atkins. It also explores the dominance model and language of power.
