Gender and Culture Bias Quiz

Gender bias occurs when one gender is treated less favourably than the other. This can have consequences such as scientifically misleading results, upholding stereotypical assumptions, and validating sex discrimination.

Androcentrism is the view that men's behaviour is the norm, and women's behaviour is considered atypical if it differs. This can be observed in theories like Freud's psychodynamic theory, which was initially focused on males.

Alpha bias exaggerates the differences between males and females. It often portrays males as less sensitive or emotional than females, potentially heightening or devaluing women's experiences.

<p>Universality is the belief that all humans are alike, and what is true for one person is true for another. This perspective aims to find general laws of behaviour that apply to everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Institutional sexism refers to the dominance of men in senior research positions, leading to a research agenda primarily focused on male concerns. Consequently, female concerns may be marginalized or ignored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Awareness of gender bias has led to greater gender equality, promoting equal treatment and a more balanced view of men and women. This has resulted in increased access to education and employment opportunities for women, as well as programs aimed at empowering women in leadership roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Culture bias is the tendency to judge all people based on one's own cultural assumptions. This can distort our judgments and understanding of human behaviour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural relativism suggests that behaviour cannot be judged properly unless it is viewed within the context of the culture in which it originated. This approach aims to reduce bias and acknowledges that there is no global right or wrong.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The emic/etic distinction focuses on the differences in how we analyze human behaviour, distinguishing between culture-specific and universal aspects of behaviour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An etic approach examines behaviour from outside a given culture and identifies behaviours that are universal across cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smith and Bond found that 66% of the studies were American, 32% European, and only 2% from the rest of the world. This highlights a significant bias towards research from Western cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cross-cultural approach studies many different cultures to identify the variations in behaviour across cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Researchers may unconsciously impose their own cultural worldview, influencing their interpretations. Communication barriers and cultural differences in research methods also need to be considered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acknowledging culture bias allows for a more balanced understanding of both cultural relativism and universals. This emphasis on culturally specific nature helps avoid assuming that all psychology is culturally relative and that there is no such thing as universal behaviour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Free will is the belief that individuals have the power to make choices and control their own behaviour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determinism is the belief that behaviour is predetermined by factors outside of our control. Most approaches within psychology hold a deterministic view.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological determinism argues that behaviour is primarily determined by our genetic makeup, suggesting that our genes influence our personality and choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental determinism suggests that behaviour is shaped by our experiences and learning through conditioning. Our environment and past experiences play a significant role in shaping our behaviours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychic determinism, proposed by Freud, suggests that adult behaviour is determined by unconscious drives and early childhood experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Responsibility is based on the assumption that individuals are accountable for their actions because they have the free will to choose between right and wrong. However, if determinism is true, and behaviour is fully determined by factors beyond our control, then we cannot be held fully responsible for our actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If our lives are predetermined, then psychologists and others should be able to predict human behaviour to a certain extent. If behaviour is predictable, it can potentially be controlled through interventions that target the factors influencing behaviour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The free will perspective holds people accountable for their actions, allowing us to praise good deeds and punish or convict criminals who engage in harmful behaviour. It promotes personal responsibility and social order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nature refers to the idea that our behaviour is the outcome of innate, inherited biological or genetic factors. This perspective is often associated with nativist theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The interactionist approach recognizes that both nature (our genetic inheritance) and nurture (our environment) play a role in shaping our behaviour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetics studies how our experiences and environment can affect the expression of our genes. It examines how environmental factors like stress can influence gene activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empiricism argues that we are born without any innate mental structures or knowledge, that our minds begin as a blank slate. It emphasizes the role of experience and learning in shaping our understanding of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is difficult to separate nature and nurture, as both work together in shaping behaviour and are often intertwined. For example, the diathesis-stress model explains psychological disorders as a combination of a genetic predisposition (diathesis) and an environmental stressor (stress) that triggers the disorder's development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reductionism believes that to understand human behaviour, it needs to be broken down into simpler component parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reductionism can be broken down into three levels: cultural and social explanations (how social groups influence behaviour), psychological explanations (how mental processes affect behaviour), and biological explanations (how hormones and genes influence behaviour).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holism opposes reductionism. It suggests that to understand human behaviour, we need to study people as a whole system, taking into account the intricate interplay of various factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological reductionism attempts to explain behaviour by reducing it to the actions of genes, neurotransmitters, and hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental reductionism attempts to explain behaviour in terms of simple stimulus-response relationships, suggesting that behaviour is merely a reaction to external stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An interactionist approach combines the insights of holism and reductionism, considering how different levels of explanation, such as biological, psychological, and social factors, interact and contribute to behaviour. This approach acknowledges the multifaceted nature of human behaviour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idiographic approach focuses on understanding individuals and emphasizes their uniqueness. It favours qualitative methods, such as case studies, thematic analysis, and unstructured interviews, to gather in-depth data about individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One example is the Little Hans case study by Sigmund Freud. Freud used this case study to explore the unconscious mind of a young boy named Little Hans, utilizing detailed observations and interviews to understand his phobias and anxieties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nomothetic approach seeks to establish general laws of behaviour based on studying large groups. It relies on quantitative methods, such as statistical analysis, to identify patterns and trends in behaviour across populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nomothetic approach is used in fields like cognitive psychology, where researchers aim to develop universal laws of cognition that apply to individuals in general. These laws can be used to explain and predict cognitive processes such as memory and attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idiographic approach faces criticism for being unscientific due to its focus on in-depth data collection and the difficulty in generalizing findings to broader populations. Critics argue that findings based on single cases lack the generalizability required for scientific validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nomothetic approach is considered scientific due to its focus on generating generalizable laws of behaviour. This approach allows for the prediction and control of behaviour, leading to the development of effective treatments for psychological disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethical guidelines are a set of principles designed to protect the well-being of both researchers and participants involved in research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The British Psychological Society established ethical guidelines for researchers to follow in conducting experiments. These guidelines include the right to withdraw, informed consent, debriefing, psychological help if needed, and confidentiality of participant data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socially sensitive research is any research that may have direct social consequences for participants or the groups they represent. It requires careful consideration of issues like privacy, confidentiality, methodology, deception, informed consent, equitable treatment, scientific freedom, data ownership, ethical values, and the risk-benefit ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socially sensitive research can advance our understanding of underrepresented groups and issues, promoting greater sensitivity and understanding within society. It can contribute to reducing prejudice and encouraging acceptance of diverse identities and experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers