Gender and Culture Bias Quiz

Gender Bias

• Gender bias occurs when one gender is treated less favorably than the other.
• Consequences include misleading research, perpetuation of stereotypes, and justification for discrimination.
• Androcentrism is a type of gender bias, treating male behavior as the norm and female behavior as atypical.
• Freud's psychodynamic theory is an example of androcentrism.
• Alpha bias exaggerates differences between genders, potentially devaluing one or both.
• Beta bias minimizes gender differences, potentially overlooking important variations.
• Standardized procedures in research studies can help address issues like treating women and men differently by researchers.

Culture Bias

• Culture bias occurs when judging people based on cultural assumptions.
• Culture involves shared rules, customs, morals, and interaction styles.
• Cultural relativism suggests that behavior should be judged within its cultural context.
• Ethnocentrism is judging other cultures by the standards of one's own.
• Eurocentrism prioritizes European or Western theories over others.
• The etic approach studies behavior across cultures looking for universals.
• The emic approach analyzes behavior within specific cultures.
• Cross-cultural approaches study variations, while transcultural approaches study similarities.
• Cross-cultural research can face barriers like cultural worldview bias, communication issues, and limited access to diverse populations.

Free Will vs. Determinism

• Free will suggests individuals control their behavior.
• Determinism proposes that behavior is predetermined.
• Hard determinism rejects free will, attributing behavior to external factors (genes).
• Soft determinism acknowledges some free will within determinism, like the role of previous experiences.
• Biological determinism links behavior exclusively to genes.
• Environmental determinism attributes behavior to learned experiences.
• Psychic determinism focuses on past experiences influencing adult behavior (Freud).
• Responsibility and control are linked to free will; if behavior is completely predetermined, responsibility may be questioned.

Nature vs. Nurture

• Nature emphasizes innate, inherited factors (biological/genetic).
• Nurture emphasizes learned experiences and environmental factors.
• The interactionist approach recognizes both nature and nurture influences.
• Epigenetics showcases how experiences can alter gene expression.
• Empiricism opposes innate mechanisms, believing we start with a "blank slate."
• The nature vs. nurture debate highlights the interplay between these factors, influencing behavior.
• The diathesis-stress model shows how biological vulnerabilities (nature) combine with environmental stressors (nurture) to cause disorders.

Reductionism vs. Holism

• Reductionism breaks down complex behavior into simpler components.
• Levels of explanation include cultural, psychological, and biological perspectives.
• Biological reductionism focuses on genes, neurotransmitters, and hormones.
• Environmental reductionism simplifies behavior to stimulus-response.
• Experimental reductionism isolates variables for manipulation and measurement.
• Holism views behavior within a whole-system perspective, including psychological factors.

Idiographic vs. Nomothetic

• The idiographic approach focuses on individual uniqueness.
• The nomothetic approach seeks general laws of behavior.
• The idiographic approach often utilizes qualitative methods like case studies, while the nomothetic approach frequently uses quantitative methods.

Ethical Considerations in Research

• Ethical guidelines ensure participant safety and responsible research conduct.
• The British Psychological Society provides guidelines for research procedures (consent, withdrawal, debriefing, confidentiality).
• Socially sensitive research has significant implications for participant groups and society.
• Considerations include privacy, confidentiality, methodology, informed consent, risk-benefit ratios, and appropriate interpretations of findings.