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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) enzyme?
What is the main advantage of CRISPR/Cas9 over traditional restriction enzymes?
What is the primary purpose of the Southern blot?
What is the primary goal of genomics?
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What is the purpose of the spacer sequences in the CRISPR system?
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What is the primary application of CRISPR/Cas9 in the laboratory?
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What is the main advantage of CRISPR RNA over traditional restriction enzymes?
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What is the purpose of a nucleating agent in liquid acrylamide solutions?
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What is the primary function of a density agent in a loading solution?
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What is the purpose of a fluorescent stain in agarose gel electrophoresis?
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What is the primary advantage of capillary electrophoresis over agarose gel electrophoresis?
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What is the primary purpose of comparative genomic hybridization arrays?
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What type of array is used to measure gene expression levels?
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What is the function of a platinum wire in agarose gel electrophoresis?
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What is the term for the process of detecting chromosome microdeletions using microarrays?
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What is the purpose of a molecular weight standard in agarose gel electrophoresis?
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What is the primary difference between agarose gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis?
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What is the purpose of labeling the sample material in microarray analysis?
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What is the purpose of a laser in capillary electrophoresis?
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What is the term for the type of array that can be used to determine DNA nucleotide sequence?
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What is the purpose of using a reference material in microarray analysis?
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What is the advantage of using multiple capillaries in capillary electrophoresis?
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What is the purpose of a visual dye in a loading solution?
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What is the term for the type of array that uses beads as the solid support?
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What is the purpose of using fluorescent labels in bead array assays?
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What is the advantage of bead array assays over other types of arrays?
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What is a clinical application of bead array assays?
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What is the primary function of restriction enzymes in DNA analysis?
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What is the purpose of molecular weight standards in capillary gel electrophoresis?
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What is the primary mechanism of DNA separation in capillary gel electrophoresis?
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What is the function of CRISPR-Cas9 system in DNA analysis?
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What is the purpose of formamide in preparing DNA samples for capillary gel electrophoresis?
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What is the result of DNA digestion with restriction enzymes?
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What is the characteristic of DNA fragments produced by restriction enzymes?
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What is the purpose of nucleic acid tests?
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What is the name of the first restriction enzyme isolated from E. coli?
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What is the primary application of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis?
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What is the primary purpose of electrophoresis in the analysis of nucleic acids?
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Which type of gel is more suitable for separating very large nucleic acids of tens of thousands of base pairs?
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Why do smaller nucleic acid chains move faster through the gel matrix during electrophoresis?
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What is the purpose of using a standard molecular weight marker in gel electrophoresis?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of polyacrylamide gels?
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During electrophoresis, which pole do negatively charged nucleic acids move towards?
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What determines the proper type and concentration of gel to be used in electrophoresis?
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Why are agarose gels less expensive and less toxic to use than polyacrylamide gels?
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What is the primary function of oligonucleotide primers in a PCR reaction?
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What is the typical temperature range for the annealing step in a standard PCR cycle?
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What is the purpose of the initial 5- to 15-minute incubation at the denaturation temperature in some PCR protocols?
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What is the typical length of PCR products?
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What is the purpose of the final 7- to 10-minute step at the extension temperature in some PCR protocols?
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What is the effect of ramp speed on PCR amplification?
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What is the purpose of the denaturation step in a standard PCR cycle?
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What is the instrument used to carry out the amplification program in PCR?
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What is the typical number of cycles in a PCR amplification program?
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At what temperature is the extension step typically carried out in a standard PCR cycle?
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What is the primary purpose of the internal amplification control in qPCR and RT-qPCR?
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What is the primary difference between qPCR and digital droplet PCR?
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What is the purpose of the limiting dilution of sample template molecules in digital droplet PCR?
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What is the primary application of qPCR in the detection of microorganisms?
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What is the function of the fluorescent dye in the capillary gel electrophoresis detection of PCR products?
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What is the advantage of multiplex qPCR methods?
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What is the primary difference between the lag phase and the log phase in the PCR curve?
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What is the purpose of the standard curve in qPCR?
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What is the primary advantage of digital droplet PCR over qPCR?
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What is the function of the emulsion formed in digital droplet PCR?
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What is the primary purpose of gel or capillary gel electrophoresis in a PCR procedure?
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What is the role of reverse transcriptase in RT-PCR?
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What is the purpose of the 3′ end of the primer in SSP-PCR?
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What is the advantage of using probes in qPCR compared to SYBR green?
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What is the purpose of the 5′ end of the primer in PCR?
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What is the difference between RT-PCR and qPCR?
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What is the purpose of FRET, TaqMan, molecular beacon, and scorpion probes in qPCR?
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What is the advantage of using qPCR compared to standard PCR?
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What is the purpose of SYBR green in qPCR?
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What is the purpose of sequence-specific primer PCR (SSP-PCR)?
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What is the primary function of RNase II in the process of probe amplification?
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In the process of strand displacement amplification, what is the function of the outer primer?
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What is the primary advantage of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)?
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In molecular inversion probe (MIP) amplification, what happens to the probe ends when they bind to target sequences?
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What is the primary function of branched DNA (bDNA) amplification?
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What is the main advantage of branched DNA (bDNA) amplification over methods using a single probe or primer?
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What is the primary function of DNA?
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What is the primary difference between probe amplification and signal amplification?
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What is the purpose of the restriction enzyme in strand displacement amplification (SDA)?
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Which of the following sequencing methods uses modified nucleotide bases called dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs)?
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What is the primary application of molecular inversion probe (MIP) amplification?
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What is the result of the sequencing reaction in Sanger sequencing?
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What is the advantage of using multiple probes in branched DNA (bDNA) amplification?
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What is the purpose of using fluorescent labels in Sanger sequencing?
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What is the purpose of resolving the DNA ladder by gel or capillary gel electrophoresis?
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What is the term for the collection of fluorescent peaks obtained by capillary gel electrophoresis?
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What is the purpose of the primer pair in Sanger sequencing?
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What is the reason why synthesis will stop if a ddNTP is incorporated into the growing DNA chain?
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What is the advantage of capillary electrophoresis over gel electrophoresis?
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What is the purpose of bDNA signal amplification assay?
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What is the primary purpose of including positive and negative controls in in situ hybridization (ISH) testing?
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What is the main function of programmed cell death ligand (PD-L1) in the immune response?
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What is the primary difference between fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and in situ hybridization (ISH) methods?
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What is the purpose of using reference probes in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods?
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What is the term used to describe the sensitivity of in situ hybridization (ISH) methods to the buffer and temperature conditions of hybridization?
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What is the main advantage of using array methods in molecular diagnostics?
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What is the primary purpose of amplification methods in molecular diagnostics?
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Who is credited with the development of the in vitro PCR, which greatly facilitated and broadened the potential applications of gene amplification?
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What is the primary purpose of using immunohistochemistry in in situ hybridization (ISH) testing?
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What is the term used to describe the process of detecting targets in place as they appear in tissues, cells, and subcellular structures?
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What is the primary mechanism by which TaqMan probes generate a signal?
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What is the key difference between molecular beacons and TaqMan probes?
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What is the purpose of the scorpion probe?
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What is the primary advantage of digital droplet PCR over qPCR?
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What is the primary mechanism of transcription-based amplification systems?
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What is the primary advantage of targeting RNA in transcription-based amplification systems?
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What is the primary application of transcription-mediated amplification (TMA)?
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What is the purpose of the cDNA:RNA hybrid in transcription-mediated amplification?
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What is the advantage of TMA over PCR?
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What is the primary application of digital PCR in infectious disease?
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What is the main purpose of Sanger sequencing in genetics and oncology?
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Why is pyrosequencing less sensitive than other methods for detecting DNA sequence changes?
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What is the purpose of sequencing the complementary strand of the DNA in Sanger sequencing?
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What is the advantage of pyrosequencing over Sanger sequencing?
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What is the purpose of the sequencing primer in pyrosequencing?
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What is the result of the pyrosequencing reaction?
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Why is pyrosequencing used in genetics and oncology?
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What is the limitation of pyrosequencing compared to Sanger sequencing?
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What is the purpose of adenosine 5′ phosphosulfate (APS) in pyrosequencing?
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What is the advantage of using some instruments developed for genomic or next-generation sequencing (NGS) in pyrosequencing?
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What was the primary goal of developing Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies?
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What is a characteristic of NGS procedures?
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Which of the following NGS technologies has been most frequently applied to clinical applications?
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What was the primary challenge that was not initially included in the sequencing cost of NGS technologies?
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What is the primary difference between NGS and traditional Sanger sequencing?
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What is the term for the goal of sequencing the human genome for a minimal cost of less than $1,000?
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What is the primary benefit of using large databases of somatic variant data in cancer diagnosis and treatment?
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What is the primary advantage of NGS technologies over traditional Sanger sequencing?
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What is the name of the project that has sequenced thousands of genomes using NGS technologies?
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What is the primary advantage of using NGS over Sanger sequencing?
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What is the purpose of using quality, variant type, and allele frequency parameters in filtering?
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Why is adequate coverage of regions of interest required in NGS?
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What is the primary purpose of annotating variants using historical sequence database information?
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What is the primary benefit of using a standard nomenclature system for sequence information?
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What is the primary purpose of using targeted gene panels in NGS?
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Why are errors more common in NGS compared to Sanger sequencing?
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What is the primary purpose of using FASTQ files in NGS?
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What is the primary benefit of using bioinformatics in molecular analyses?
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What is the primary purpose of comparing the sequence of a DNA sample to a reference sequence in NGS?
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What is the minimum coverage required to call rare variants in NGS?
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What is the primary application of targeted NGS in the clinical laboratory?
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What is the purpose of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) program?
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What is the term for the number of mutations per megabase of sequenced DNA in a tumor?
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What is the primary advantage of NGS over other sequencing technologies?
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What is the purpose of sequencing gene panels in NGS?
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What is the term for the percentage of sequences carrying a variant in NGS?
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What is the primary advantage of NGS in HLA typing?
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What is the primary purpose of using PCR primers or probes in NGS?
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What is the primary factor that limits the degree of coverage used in NGS?
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What is the function of the bar code or index in NGS?
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What is the purpose of emulsion PCR in NGS?
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What is the mechanism of detection in ion conductance sequencing?
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What is the purpose of bridge PCR in reversible dye terminator technology?
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What is the advantage of ion conductance sequencing over other methods?
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What is the purpose of adapters in NGS?
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What is the purpose of the sequencing reagents in pyrosequencing?
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What is the advantage of using multiple samples in a single run of NGS?
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What is the purpose of the picoplate in pyrosequencing?
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What is the primary function of flow cytometry in the clinical laboratory?
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What is the primary purpose of using fluorescent-labeled antibodies or probes in flow cytometry?
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What is a characteristic of fluorochromes used in flow cytometry?
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What is the primary application of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of diseases?
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What is the primary advantage of using multiple fluorochromes in flow cytometry?
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What is the primary function of laser light in flow cytometry?
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What is the primary application of flow cytometry in transplantation?
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What is the primary advantage of using flow cytometry in cell analysis?
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What is the primary purpose of using optical filters in flow cytometry?
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What is the effect of using Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation on some cell populations?
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What is the purpose of using erythrocyte lysis techniques in sample preparation for flow cytometry?
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What is the typical range of digital signals measured in flow cytometry?
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What is the purpose of using a marker in flow cytometry data analysis?
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What is the primary purpose of using fiber-optic cables in flow cytometry?
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What is the effect of using heparin as an anticoagulant in sample preparation for flow cytometry?
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What is the primary purpose of using EDTA as an anticoagulant in sample preparation for flow cytometry?
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What is the typical number of events collected for each sample in flow cytometry data acquisition?
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What is the primary purpose of using a single-parameter histogram in flow cytometry data analysis?
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What is the primary advantage of flow cytometry?
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What is the purpose of the fluidics system in a flow cytometer?
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What determines which fluorochromes can be used in an assay?
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What is the primary defect in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)?
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Which of the following tests can detect minimal residual disease (MRD) in patients with leukemia or lymphoma?
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What is the difference between forward scatter and side scatter?
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What is the purpose of using fluorescent-labeled antibodies in flow cytometry?
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What is the primary application of flow cytometry in transplant immunology?
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What is the advantage of using multiple lasers in a flow cytometer?
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What is the advantage of using monoclonal antibodies over polyclonal antibodies in immunophenotyping?
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What is the primary function of cytometric bead arrays?
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What is the purpose of the optics and photodetectors in a flow cytometer?
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What is the term for the parameters that are intrinsic to the cell?
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Which of the following is an application of flow cytometry in molecular diagnostics?
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What is the advantage of using multicolor analysis in flow cytometry?
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What is the primary advantage of flow cytometry over traditional serological methods?
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What is the purpose of analyzing the data generated by the flow cytometer in conjunction with forward scatter and side scatter?
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What is the purpose of fluorescent labels in bead array assays?
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Which of the following is a clinical application of flow cytometry?
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What is the primary purpose of a gate in a dual-parameter dot plot?
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What is the primary advantage of using flow cytometry in DNA analysis?
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What is the advantage of using a single-platform analysis over a dual-platform analysis?
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What is the primary purpose of immunophenotyping in the clinical laboratory?
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What is the primary difference between quadrants 1 and 2 in a dual-parameter dot plot?
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What is the primary purpose of the computer and specialized software in a dual-parameter dot plot analysis?
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What is the primary advantage of using bead-based methods over volumetric methods in single-platform analysis?
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What is the primary purpose of detailed phenotypic analysis in the clinical laboratory?
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What is the primary difference between nonmalignant immunophenotyping and malignant immunophenotyping?
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What is the primary purpose of using a known quantity of fluorescent beads in a bead-based method?
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What is the primary advantage of using a single-platform analysis over a traditional method?
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What is the primary purpose of immunophenotyping by flow cytometry in leukemia and lymphoma management?
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Which of the following markers is typically paired with CD20 in the analysis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
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What is the significance of CD45 expression levels in flow cytometry analysis?
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What is the primary application of flow cytometry in the evaluation of HIV disease?
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What is the characteristic of neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)?
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What is the purpose of examining the FSC and SSC plot in flow cytometry analysis?
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What is the significance of CD4+ T-cell numbers in HIV-infected patients?
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What is the primary purpose of immunophenotyping in the evaluation of immunodeficiency?
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What is the significance of CD8+ T-cell levels in HIV-infected patients?
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What is the characteristic of blasts in terms of CD45 expression?
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What was the primary motivation for the development of immunoassay analyzers?
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What is a benefit of immunoassay automation in addition to reducing error and increasing accuracy?
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What is a challenge of selecting an immunoassay analyzer for a laboratory?
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What is a benefit of immunoassay automation in terms of reagent management?
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What is a common type of analyte that can be measured using immunoassay automation?
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How many different types of automated immunoassay analyzers are available?
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What is a consequence of eliminating manual steps in immunoassay testing?
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What is a potential benefit of immunoassay automation in terms of sample management?
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What is a primary limitation of batch analyzers?
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What is the purpose of clot detectors in stainless-steel probes?
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What is a common issue associated with reusable pipette probes?
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What is the primary purpose of reagent storage compartments in some analyzers?
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What is the purpose of magnetic stirring in analyzers?
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What is the primary purpose of timed incubation in analyzers?
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What is the primary advantage of using batch analyzers in clinical laboratories?