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Questions and Answers

What is a potential consequence of continuous growth of a monoculture on soil health?

  • Alteration of soil chemistry (correct)
  • Enhanced nitrogen levels
  • Improved pH stability
  • Increased organic matter

    • Which practice can help maintain soil health by preventing erosion?

  • Continuous monoculture
  • Covering the soil with plants (correct)
  • Overgrazing livestock
  • Frequent tillage

    • What is the primary function of coral reefs mentioned in the content?

  • To increase water temperature
  • To provide nutrients and habitats (correct)
  • To facilitate water pollution
  • To decrease marine biodiversity

    • What process can lead to water loss or erosion when disturbing the soil?

    <p>Tillage with a plough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a negative effect of constant grazing on soil?

    <p>Results in soil compaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of stratified sampling over random sampling?

    <p>It can highlight characteristics of specific subgroups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main feature of systematic sampling?

    <p>Samples are collected at regular intervals from predetermined locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation would a belt transect be most effective?

    <p>To assess biodiversity between two parallel lines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does random sampling ensure in a study?

    <p>Equal chance of selection for every measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a line transect in surveying techniques?

    <p>To record species name and position along a measured line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mule an offspring of?

    <p>A female horse and a male donkey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a limitation of the biological species model?

    <p>Ignoring asexual reproduction methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered density-dependent?

    <p>Predation rates increasing with population size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does carrying capacity represent?

    <p>The largest population size that can be indefinitely supported</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these can lead to a population exceeding its carrying capacity?

    <p>Unsustainable resource consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a density-independent limiting factor?

    <p>A drought affecting all populations equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when a population overshoots its carrying capacity?

    <p>Heightened competition and potential resource destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during incomplete speciation?

    <p>Groups of organisms are partially reproductively separated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of molecular sequencing in understanding evolutionary relationships?

    <p>It indicates how closely related different species are based on molecular similarities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly defines a clade in cladistics?

    <p>A clade consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cladogram used for in cladistics?

    <p>To illustrate the principle of common ancestry among organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to cladistics, what does the assumption of bifurcation imply?

    <p>New kinds of organisms evolve from existing species dividing into two groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a fundamental assumption of cladistics?

    <p>Species can evolve in isolation from one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT typically used for assigning organisms to a clade?

    <p>Ecological niche descriptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Eukaryotes classified in molecular phylogeny?

    <p>They are all grouped together as related organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the outgroup in a cladogram represent?

    <p>The most distantly related species used for comparison.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limiting factor in an ecosystem?

    <p>A resource or environmental condition that restricts the growth or distribution of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the optimal zone in relation to Shelford's Law of Tolerance?

    <p>The region where conditions favour maximum reproductive success and survivability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured at spatial scales in ecological studies?

    <p>The area covered by an ecosystem and the factors affecting its biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abiotic factor does NOT influence species distribution?

    <p>Predation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'temporal scale' refer to in ecology?

    <p>The time period over which an ecosystem is studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification system is primarily based on vegetation and canopy cover?

    <p>Specht’s classification system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ecological niche?

    <p>The role and space an organism occupies in its environment, including its interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a physical (abiotic) limiting factor?

    <p>Water availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are old-growth forests classified ecologically?

    <p>Ecosystems that exhibit unique ecological features and remain relatively unchanged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of organisms being outside their optimal range?

    <p>They suffer physiological stress leading to decreased functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Shelford’s Law of Tolerance illustrate with regards to species distribution?

    <p>Tolerances vary among species leading to distinct distribution patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do conservationists play in ecosystem management?

    <p>Using classification information to protect diverse habitats and species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ecosystems can vary over time due to which process?

    <p>Succession, making a new ecosystem replace another until stabilized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Soil Health

    • Continuous monoculture can lead to soil depletion and a loss of nutrients, making the soil less fertile.
    • Planting cover crops can help to maintain soil health by preventing erosion and providing valuable nutrients.
    • Coral reefs are a vital part of the marine ecosystem, providing protection for coastlines and habitats for diverse marine life.
    • Disturbing the soil can lead to water loss or erosion through processes like wind and water runoff.
    • Constant grazing can have a negative effect on soil by compacting the soil and reducing its ability to retain water and nutrients.

    Sampling Techniques

    • Stratified sampling offers a primary advantage over random sampling by dividing the population into subgroups (strata) ensuring representation of all key groups in the study.
    • Systematic sampling is characterized by selecting samples at regular intervals, providing a more structured approach compared to random sampling.
    • Belt transects are most effective when studying organisms distributed across a specific area, allowing for detailed observation of the distribution pattern.
    • Random sampling ensures that each sample has an equal chance of being selected, minimizing bias and promoting a representative study.
    • Line transects are used in surveying techniques to study the distribution of organisms along a specific line, providing data on the presence, abundance, and arrangement of species.

    Evolution and Cladistics

    • A mule is an offspring of a female horse (mare) and a male donkey (jack).
    • The biological species model limits itself to sexually reproducing organisms, hindering its applicability to organisms without sexual reproduction.
    • Density-dependent factors, such as competition, disease, and predation, affect population growth based on density, with a stronger impact at higher densities.
    • Carrying capacity represents the maximum population size that an environment can sustain without detrimental effects.
    • Overpopulation can occur when factors like abundant resources and favorable conditions cause a population to surpass its carrying capacity.
    • Density-independent limiting factors, like natural disasters, climate change, and pollution, affect populations regardless of density.
    • Population overshoot occurs when a population surpasses its carrying capacity, leading to potential consequences such as resource depletion and habitat degradation.
    • Incomplete speciation occurs when two populations are evolving towards becoming distinct species but haven't fully isolated themselves, potentially allowing gene flow between them.
    • Molecular sequencing helps unravel evolutionary relationships by comparing the DNA or protein sequences of different organisms, revealing evolutionary connections and common ancestry.
    • In cladistics, a clade represents a group of organisms that share a common ancestor and all its descendants, forming a distinct evolutionary unit.
    • Cladograms, in cladistics, serve as visual representations of evolutionary relationships, showcasing the branching patterns of the tree of life.
    • The assumption of bifurcation in cladistics suggests that evolutionary lineages split into two new lineages, forming a branching pattern.
    • Cladistics does not assume the existence of a single evolutionary ancestor for all organisms, but focuses on shared derived characteristics.
    • Characteristics like overall size and shape are not typically used for assigning organisms to a clade, as they are often influenced by environmental factors rather than shared ancestry.
    • Eukaryotes are classified in molecular phylogeny based on similarities in their DNA and protein sequences, revealing their evolutionary relationships.
    • The outgroup in a cladogram is a closely related group of organisms that is not part of the group being studied, serving as a reference point for tracing evolutionary changes.

    Ecology & Ecosystems

    • A limiting factor in an ecosystem is a resource or condition that hinders the growth, distribution, or abundance of a species, acting as a constraint on population size.
    • The optimal zone in relation to Shelford's Law of Tolerance represents the range of conditions where a species thrives and exhibits its highest growth rate.
    • Spatial scales in ecological studies refer to the size and extent of the area being studied, influencing the scope of the investigation.
    • Abiotic factors like climate, topography, and soil type all influence species distribution. However, species interactions do not directly affect species distribution.
    • Temporal scale refers to the timeframe over which ecological processes are studied, influencing the understanding of long-term trends and fluctuations.
    • The Holdridge life zone classification system is primarily based on vegetation and canopy cover, providing a framework for assessing global biodiversity.
    • An ecological niche encompasses all the resources and conditions a species requires to survive and reproduce, defining its role and interactions within the ecosystem.
    • Temperature is an example of a physical (abiotic) limiting factor, influencing the distribution and survival of organisms.
    • Old-growth forests are ecologically classified as climax communities, representing mature and stable ecosystems.
    • Organisms outside their optimal range may experience reduced growth, survival, or reproduction, potentially leading to population decline or even extinction.
    • Shelford’s Law of Tolerance illustrates that each species has a range of tolerance for different environmental conditions, dictating their distribution and abundance.
    • Conservationists play a fundamental role in ecosystem management, ensuring the preservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of resources.
    • Ecosystems can vary over time through ecological processes such as succession, disturbance, and climate change, leading to changes in species composition and ecosystem structure.

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