GCSE Physical Education Exam Tips

• GCSE Physical Education covers factors affecting performance, participation, and provision in sports, as well as physical, psychological, tactical, and technical influences on health, fitness, well-being, lifestyle choices, and overall performance.

Exam Tips

• In the first 5 minutes, check all pages, including the back one.
• After video questions, prioritize answering known questions or 6-mark questions first.
• Carefully read each question, underlining key terms.
• Consider the marks available and ensure sufficient points in your answers.
• Plan 6-mark responses using spider diagrams, bullet points, or tables.

Layout of the Paper

• Section A is worth 50 marks
• Questions 1 and 2 are video questions and are worth a total of 32 marks
• There will be two video clips shown three times each
• Questions will cover definitions of fitness components, methods of training and fitness testing procedures.
• Explain how a component of fitness is used, giving the definition and how it is used
• Question 3 is on participation and provision, and is worth 18 marks
• There will be two extended writing questions
• Plan using tables
• Plan using spider diagrams
• Section B is worth 50 marks
• It will cover physical, psychological, and technical/tactical influences.
• There will be two to three 6 mark questions

Key Examination Terms

• Account for explaining the process or reason behind something.
• Analyse explores main ideas, showing their importance and relationships.
• Evaluate gives an opinion after assessing different points of view.
• Define gives the meaning of.
• Describe provides a detailed account
• Discuss explores the subject by examining the advantages and disadvantages and come to a conclusion.
• Explain describes with reasons and causes.
• Give reasons for outlines how and why
• Justify lists good reasons for a conclusion.
• Summarise outlines main points.

Components of Fitness

• Fitness is split into health-related and skill-related components.
• Health-related fitness includes body composition, cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, flexibility and strength.
• Skill-related fitness elements include agility, balance, speed, power, reaction time, and coordination.
• Skinfold tests measure body composition and are used in Sumo wrestling.
• Sit-up and bleep tests measure local muscular endurance for cycling.
• The multistage fitness test assess cardiovascular endurance for marathon runners.
• Flexibility assessed via sit-and-reach, useful for gymnastics.
• Handgrip dynamometry measures strength for weightlifters.
• Stork stand assesses balance necessary in gymnastics.
• 30/50m sprints measure speed for 100m runners.
• Vertical jump, power, important for high jumpers in athletics.
• Illinois agility test measures agility for rugby wingers.
• The ruler drop test assesses reaction time of sprinters.
• The alternate hand throw tests coordination in tennis.

Evaluating Fitness

• Compare, Motivate, Baseline, Strengths and Weaknesses, Why test fitness, Improvement, Current State are all part of fitness testing
• Warm up is required in fitness testing
• Equipment is needed
• Procedures involving measurements
• Results must be compared to national averages to evaluate fitness
• Monitoring involves diary keeping, using pedometers, calorie counting, heart rate monitors, health screening/questionnaires, and blood pressure.
• Tests must be valid and test the correct area of fitness
• Results should be consistent and reliable

Warm Ups

• Warming up
• Skill development
• Playing a a small sided game
• Cooling down

Reasons For Warming Up

• Gradually increase heart rate, increase blood supply to muscles
• Gradually increase body temperature
• Reduce risk of injury
• Move how muscles and joints are used in activity
• Introduce skills to be used in competition
• Increase intensity
• Preparing the performer to perform

Cardio-respiratory system

• Process of breathing is called respiration
• It helps supply oxygen for energy
• It also helps remove carbon dioxide
• Terminology
• Respiratory rate is how many breaths taken in a minute
• Tidal volume is air taken in with each breath
• Vital capacity is maximum amount of air that can be breathed after breathing in
• Residual volume - lungs are never completely empty so air left is the residual amount
• Total lung capacity is Vital capacity including the residual volume
• Maximum aerobic capacity (VO2 max) is oxygen taken, transported and used in a minute, a predictor for aerobic fitness for athletes.

Training Programmes

• Health-related programmes have lower intensity with shorter duration.
• Fitness programmes have higher intensity with longer duration.
• Training principles
• Specificity, train sport specific
• Progression, start slowly
• Overload, use FITT Principles(frequency, intensity, time, type)
• Reversibility, adaptions will be lost when training stops
• Tedium, vary training to stay interested

Training Principles: FITT

• Frequency: Training often to train
• Intensity: Difficulty choose what is hard
• Time: Training Time
• Type : Method of training

Methods Of Training

• Fartlek training, varying times, distances, speed and terrain, improves aerobic and anaerobic fitness
• Continuous training sustained without rest, improves cardiovascular fitness
• Circuit training stations to improve coordination and endurance
• Weight training, uses weight improve muscular endurance and strength
• Interval training, hard exercise broken by rest
• Plyometric training, eccentric muscular contractions using obstacles, develops power
• Mobility training is stretches and flexibility enhance movement.
• Altitude training at a high altitude with lower levels of oxygen
• SAQ(Speed, Agility and Quickness) improves agility and quickness through ladders.

Periodisation

• Training includes preseason, peak season, and close season
• Peak Season, tactics and skills are to be maintained
• Preseason is for Specific fitness or for activity
• Close season is area of weakness

Factors Affecting Participation

• Participation factors include initiatives, family, friends, coaching, race, social factors, gender, age, transport and finances
• Government programs such as 5x60
• Other factor to consider, education, national curriculum and exercise
• Risks may be related to sedentary lifestyle e.g. heart attack or diabetes
• Access may be reduced for people considered as disabled
• Role Models
• Taking drugs and performance enhancing drugs

How To Improve Provision

• Target groups focus on women, OAPs, socioeconomic groups and the disabled
• Government policies encourage health and education
• Funding TV rights, sponsorship, grants

Female Barriers in Sport

• Barriers include lack of time, access, childcare, money, and media coverage.
• Sport Wales support with initiatives
• Equal opportunities is increasing
• Media coverage is getting better
• Inspiration role models are inspiring others

Racism and Solutions

• Initiatives that tackle racism
• Incidents dealt with racism need to be tackled

Funding

• Donation can be helpful
• Fund raising can help
• Sales of merchandise
• Sponsorship can help boost funds
• Grants can boost funds
• TV can boost clubs profile
• Entrance and membership fees

Sponsorship

• Businesses sponsor advertising and publicity
• Sport receives money, kit, and equipment.

Women In Sports

• Women stay at home
• Sport get less sponsorship
• Fewer female roles to follow

Changes

• Media coverage
• More female role models

Deviance in Sport

• Some argue drugs make sports more fair
• Others claim it has health implications

The Importance of Exercise

• Exercise provides physical, mental, and social benefits.
• Physical benefits include weight loss, better body image, improved muscle tome, less disease
• Social benefits include new friends, working with others, opportunities, new
• Mental benefits include, new friends, confidence, teamwork, fulfilment, improvement

Active Living

• Inactive lifestyles can lead to heart disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.
• You need strategies to stay consistent

Energy systems Key Term VO(2) Max

• The max amount of oxygen that a body can consume at once

Energy system Key term Oxygen Debt

• The need for extra oxygen after a big exercise

Skeletal System

• The functions are to support and protect
• Providing points for muscular attachment
• Joints enable movement
• Skull and pelvis allow fixed points in movement
• Vertebrae, ribs
• Knee & elbows are key synovial joints that can move
• Muscle joins bone (tendonds)
• Bone joints bone (ligaments)
• Cartilage protects bones, providing shock absorbance

6 Types of joints

• Ball and Socket (hips), can move is all directions
• Hinge Elbow, it moves in one directions
• Pivot, rotation of the neck
• Condyloid, wrist flexion and extension
• Saddle joint provides thumb movement
• Gliding joint hands and feet - bones glide

Key Parts of the Muscular System

• Flexion (muscles contract)
• Extension (muscles stretched)
• Rotation
• Abduction joints being moved away (think 'abduct' a child)
• Adduction, joints bring bought closer
• CIRCUMDUCTION circular movement
• Voluntary muscles responds to messages
• Involuntary functions like intestines need no message
• Tendons
• Origin, fixed bone
• Insertion, muscle

Muscle Contraction

• ISOTONIC, muscle shortens causing movement
• ISOMETRIC, muscles contract, but stay in the same

Muscle Fibres

• Fast Twitch - muscles power
• Slow twitch - Cardio & Muscle Strength

Levers

• There are only 3 class levers
• A pivot/fulcrum is movement for the joints
• Resistance like body height is used
• Effort = muscles being used
• There is an effort fulcrum and load

Cardia Vascular

• Arteries and veins
• Hearts with four chamber

Reasons for Exercising

• Exercising is healthy
• BMR, balance, exercise
• Food and exercise creates a balanced diet

Bodyshapes

• There are 3 body types
• Mesomorph body, muscled, low body fat wide
• Endomorph, lots of body fat
• Ectomorph, small features

Influence on the brain

• Drive makes a person
• Outside factors

Adherence

• Reasons may include expense
• Follow the STRATEGIES approach

Fitness

• Short term effects, heart rate and output
• Temperature increases
• Minute volume increases
• Gaseous exchange

Long Term

• More cardiac output
• VO2 levels rising
• Less fatigue
• Increased bones
• Stronger muscles
• Increased bones weight

Minimising Risks

• Following warm up and cool down routines
• Following the laws
• Using the correct equipment

Nutrients and their purpose

• The nutrients include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals
• Carbohydrates a main energy source
• Fats slow realise energy
• Protein growth body tissue
• Waters helps the body maintain temperature
• Vitamins help the body with infections
• Minerals strengthen bones

Body goals

• To improve healthy
• Weight balance

Psychological

• People not sticking to programme
• Are strategies that develop exercise

Goal Setting Is important

• Key factors
• Improve performance
• Evaluation
• Focus Attention
• Increase Motivation
• Be Performed

The correct way of goal is S M A R T

• Specific, should be specific
• Measure progress often
• Realistics, should challenge
• Time

Stages of Learning

• Cognitive stage- to doing
• Associatre to perform
• Autonomous to achieve goals

Skills and Learning

• The types of skills learning
• Technical - accurate

The Learning Process

• There are types includes
• Input: learning touch
• Decision making: Memory
• feedback, good learning
• Output, moment

Feedback

• Have the correct way feedback

Guidance

• Types includes
• Visual
• Verbal
• Physical

Practice- key to learning

• Have correct
• Be at time
• Feedbak
• motivation

Types of Practice

• Whole
• Part
• Wole Path Hole
• Variable Practice

Technology

• Equipment in activity
• Materials - Surface
• Clothing
• Performance Enhancement