Untitled Quiz

Physics

• Gravity: All objects with mass produce a gravitational field. A more massive object has a greater gravitational field. Weight is calculated as mass multiplied by gravitational field strength. Units are Newtons, kilograms, and Newtons per kilogram.
• Resultant Forces: Forces acting on an object can be added to find the resultant force. A resultant force of zero means the object is stationary.
• Work Done and Energy Transfer: Work is the measure of energy transfer when a force moves an object through a distance. Work and energy transferred are measured in Joules. Four types of energy transfer: mechanical work, electrical work, heating, and radiation.
• Distance and Displacement, Speed and Velocity: Speed is distance over time, measured in meters per second. Velocity is displacement over time, also measured in meters per second.
• Forces, Acceleration, and Newton's Laws of Motion: Newton's second law: Resultant force equals mass multiplied by acceleration (F=ma). Units are Newtons, kilograms, and meters per second squared.

Forces and Elasticity

• Forces and Breaking: Stopping distance is think distance plus braking distance. Factors affecting reaction time: tiredness, drugs, alcohol, distractions.
• Forces and Elasticity: Changes in shape (bending, stretching, compressing) are called deformation. Elastic deformation reverses when the force is removed; inelastic deformation creates a permanent change.
• Hooke's Law: Extension (increase in length) or compression (decrease in length) in an elastic object (like a spring) is described by Hooke's Law (force = spring constant x extension). Units: Newtons, Newtons per meter, meters.
• Energy Stored in a Spring: Work is done when a spring is extended or compressed, storing elastic potential energy. Elastic potential energy is calculated as 1/2 x spring constant x (extension)^2. Units: Joules, Newtons per meter, meters.

Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

• Transverse and Longitudinal Waves: Longitudinal waves (sound, ultrasound, seismic P-waves) have vibrations parallel to the direction of wave travel. They show compression (high pressure) and rarefaction (low pressure) regions. Transverse waves (ripples on water, electromagnetic waves, vibrations on guitar strings) have vibrations perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.
• Properties of Waves: Rest position is the undisturbed position of particles. Amplitude is the maximum displacement from rest. Wavelength is the distance covered by one full cycle. Time period is the time for one full cycle. Frequency is the number of waves passing a point.

Electromagnetic Waves and Measurement

• Electromagnetic Waves: Electromagnetic waves range from radio waves to gamma rays, all traveling at 300,000,000 meters per second in a vacuum.
• Electromagnetism: Electric currents create circular magnetic fields around wires. Solenoids create stronger, more uniform magnetic fields. Electromagnets use iron cores to increase field strength. Fleming's left-hand rule shows the relationship between force, current, and magnetic field.
• Measuring Waves in a Ripple Tank: A ripple tank measures wave properties like frequency, wavelength, and speed. Wave speed equals frequency multiplied by wavelength.