Gastrointestinal Tract Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following describes a congenital abnormality characterized by an absence in the oesophagus?

Agenesis (correct)

Motor dysfunction

Fistula

Atresia

What is the condition wherein the oesophagus is replaced by a thin, non-canalized cord?

Fistula

Agenesis

Barrett’s oesophagus

Atresia (correct)

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with oesophagitis?

Haematemesis

Dysphagia

Heart burn

Constipation (correct)

Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) is primarily related to which of the following malformations?

Connection with the respiratory system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical feature of tumours in the oesophagus?

Difficulty swallowing Signup and view all the answers

Barrett’s oesophagus is primarily associated with which pathological process?

Acid reflux disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical morphology of a peptic ulcer based on macroscopic description?

Punched-out defect with straight walls Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue characteristics are commonly seen in the adjacent mucosa of a peptic ulcer?

Swollen and red, with oedema Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a complication associated with peptic ulcers?

Pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients with peptic ulcers typically experience bleeding as a complication?

15-20% Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the potential consequences of pyloric channel ulcers?

Iron deficiency anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a common microscopic finding in a peptic ulcer?

Granulation tissue and necrotic fibrinoid debris Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of linitis plastica in gastric carcinoma?

Rigid, thickened stomach wall Signup and view all the answers

Which subtype of gastric carcinoma is known for not forming glands?

Diffuse type Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical demographic characteristic of the intestinal type of gastric carcinoma?

Higher frequency in males Signup and view all the answers

What is the 5-year survival rate for early gastric carcinoma?

90-95% Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with the presence of Helicobacter pylori?

Chronic gastritis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common site for distant lymph node metastasis in gastric carcinoma?

Virchow’s node Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell is associated with diffuse type gastric carcinoma?

Signet ring cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about gastric carcinoma is true?

The intestinal type is less common and arises from precursor lesions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of spindle cells in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)?

Comprise the mesenchymal neoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gastric carcinoma does not involve a specific precursor lesion?

Adenocarcinoma diffuse type Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of a defect in MTP?

Failure to absorb lipids Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with Whipple disease?

Vacuolization of epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of lipid malabsorption?

Steatorrhea Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary infectious agent involved in Whipple disease?

Tropheryma whippelli Signup and view all the answers

Which abnormality is associated with Whipple disease morphology?

Foamy macrophages in the lamina propria Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism underlies appendicitis?

Progressive increase of luminal pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a systemic effect of Whipple disease?

Joint arthropathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of MTP deficiency on vitamin absorption?

Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Crohn disease in terms of lesions?

They can occur anywhere from the mouth to the anus. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with increased risk for Crohn disease?

Age 60 years or older Signup and view all the answers

What is a key microscopic feature observed in Crohn disease?

Transmural inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ulcerative colitis is true?

It only affects the mucosa and submucosa. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following clinical features is associated with ulcerative colitis?

Bloody mucoid diarrhea. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of Crohn disease?

Fistulas between bowel loops and other organs. Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is a distinguishable characteristic of Crohn disease compared to ulcerative colitis?

Granulomas are usually present. Signup and view all the answers

Which histological change is typically not seen in ulcerative colitis?

Villus blunting. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the epidemiology of Crohn disease?

It is more prevalent in the western developed countries. Signup and view all the answers

What type of inflammatory response is unregulated in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease?

Local immune response against normal flora. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gastrointestinal Tract Overview

Objectives include understanding congenital abnormalities, symptoms, motor dysfunctions, and causes of oesophagitis.
Clinical features of oesophagitis include heartburn, dysphagia, pain, and haematemesis.

Congenital Abnormalities of the Oesophagus

Agenesis: Complete absence of the oesophagus.
Atresia: Present as a thin, non-canalized cord.
Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TOF): Connection of oesophagus with the trachea, often associated with cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, or central nervous system anomalies.

Oesophagitis

Common causes include hyperacidity, medications like corticosteroids, and inflammation.
Pathogenesis involves mucosal damage leading to symptoms such as dysphagia and heartburn.

Morphology of Peptic Ulcers

Macroscopic features: Round to oval punched-out defects with smooth, clean bases and even margins.
Microscopic features: Necrotic debris, inflammatory cells, scarring, adjacent red, and oedematous mucosa.

Complications of Peptic Ulcers

Potential complications include bleeding (15-20%), perforation (5%), obstruction (2%), and iron deficiency anemia.
Occurrence of pyloric channel and duodenal ulcers is significant.

Gastric Carcinoma Overview

Two main types: Intestinal type (higher incidence, associated with precursor lesions) and Diffuse type (no precursor lesions, more common in younger patients).
Histology distinguishes between adenocarcinoma subtypes: intestinal (neoplastic glands) and diffuse (individual cells infiltrating).

Prognosis of Gastric Carcinoma

Five-year survival rates vary significantly: 90-95% for early detection, 15% for advanced stages.
Common spread includes regional and distant lymph nodes, liver, and peritoneum.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

IBD encompasses Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, characterized by chronic inflammation and relapsing symptoms.
Strong immune response against normal gut flora with genetic predisposition affecting roughly 15-50% of patients.

Crohn's Disease

Can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract; common symptoms include mild diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
Characterized by “skip lesions” and transmural inflammation presenting with granulomas and strictures.

Ulcerative Colitis

Limited to colon and rectum, progresses continuously without skip lesions.
Symptoms include bloody mucoid diarrhea and lower abdominal pain. An extraintestinal disorder with systemic effects.

Common Complications and Features

Granulomas in Crohn’s disease can lead to serious complications like fistulas, strictures, and protein-losing enteropathy.
Unique features of ulcerative colitis include pseudo polyps and the potential for spread to the distal ileum.

Whipple Disease

Rare systemic infection caused by Tropheryma whippelii, resulting in malabsorption and systemic symptoms.
Histological characteristics include foamy macrophages in the lamina propria.

Appendicitis

Characterized by acute inflammation of the appendix, often due to increased luminal pressure and potential obstruction.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the gastrointestinal tract with a focus on the oesophagus. This quiz covers congenital abnormalities, common symptoms, motor dysfunctions, and the causes of oesophagitis. Perfect for medical students and healthcare professionals alike.