Gastrointestinal System Quiz

<p>It has tall villi but less than in the duodenum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Auerbach's plexus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates the passage of food into the duodenum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meissner's plexus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It features transmural inflammation and may form fistulas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serve as the main site for enzymatic activity and mixing chyme. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Segmentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The epiglottis tilts over the glottis while the UES relaxes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of skip lesions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GERD (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transporting waste and absorbing water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peristalsis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accommodation of the fundus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucocorticoids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testicular atrophy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin-induced hypoglycemia test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cushing’s Disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy (B), Octreotide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenal Insufficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bitemporal hemianopia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopaminergic agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malaise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AM measurement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in glucose uptake via GLUT-2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cAMP pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased adiponectin levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastroenteropathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mumps virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of advanced glycosylated end products (AGEs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adherence to host cells for prolonged propagation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong genetic disposition to kidney disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates glucose entry into liver and beta cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contribute to small vessel damage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It binds to CD4 receptors and recruits chemokines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding via antigens on flagella, pili, or fimbriae. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enabling adherence to host cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as an endotoxin promoting inflammatory responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of peptidoglycans for attachment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gastrointestinal tract has four main layers: serosa (outermost), muscularis (longitudinal and circular muscle layers), submucosa, and mucosa (innermost).

A network of neurons in the GI tract that controls its function, comprising the myenteric and submucosal plexuses.

Also known as Auerbach's plexus, it controls GI tract motility (muscle contractions).

The small intestine is divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, each with unique structural features affecting absorption.

The stomach has three muscle layers (longitudinal, circular, and oblique) aiding churning and mixing of food.

A sphincter that prevents reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus.

A sphincter preventing food from entering the duodenum until properly mixed with stomach acid.

A type of inflammatory bowel disease affecting any part of the GI tract, characterized by skip lesions and transmural inflammation.

A type of inflammatory bowel disease affecting only the colon, starting at the rectum and extending proximally, with no skip lesions.

The process of moving food from the mouth to the stomach, involving UES relaxation and peristalsis.

Stomach motility has two stages: accommodation for food entry and emptying for digestion.

Involves propagation (peristalsis), segmentation, and pendular movements to absorb nutrients and propel chyme.

The colon's role in forming and propelling stool, involving repetitive mixing and coordinated contractions for excretion.

Problems with the esophagus's movement, resulting in conditions like GERD and achalasia.

Issues with the stomach's movement, often leading to gastroparesis.

Problems with the colon's movement, resulting in conditions like constipation and diarrhea.

Symptoms caused by a tumor or other mass compressing the pituitary gland.

A pituitary tumor that produces too much prolactin.

Issues with the production of growth hormone, causing either too much or too little.

An excess of cortisol due to a pituitary tumor causing too much ACTH.

Excess cortisol production from non-pituitary causes.

Adrenal insufficiency, leading to insufficient cortisol production.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, stimulates cortisol production by the adrenal glands.

A hormone responsible for milk production in females and related to male reproductive functions.

A medical test to differentiate between reasons for high cortisol levels.

Loss of vision in the outer parts of both the visual fields.

Viruses attach to host cells by binding to receptors or proteins on the viral capsid. Specific viral proteins interact with specific host cell receptors, facilitating entry and infection.

Bacteria use various surface structures for adherence. Gram-positive bacteria have peptidoglycans that stick to the cell surface, while Gram-negative bacteria use antigens on flagella, pili, or fimbriae.

Glycoprotein 120 (GP120) on the HIV capsid binds to CD4 receptors on host cells. This interaction recruits chemokines, which then bind to the virus, enabling it to penetrate and fuse with the cell membrane. Once inside, the virus replicates.

E.coli is a common cause of bladder and renal infections. It has several key features: LPS (endotoxin) that facilitates infection, Fimbriae for adhering to cells, Glycocalyx for protection from phagocytosis, and Flagella for movement.

Organisms spread and multiply in various ways. Some produce toxins, like E.coli and Clostridium, causing damage and disease. Others secrete enzymes like Streptolysin, disrupting cellular function.

Glucose enters beta cells via GLUT-2 transporter, is metabolized, and produces ATP. This ATP inhibits K+ channels, leading to increased intracellular K+ concentration and cell hyperpolarization.

Hyperpolarization of the beta cell increases Ca2+ uptake. This calcium influx activates insulin transporter proteins, leading to insulin secretion.

GLP-1 receptor activation increases cAMP and activates protein kinase A. This leads to increased PDX1 production, promoting beta cell mass and differentiation, leading to enhanced insulin production.

The Wnt pathway activates AKT, triggering downstream signaling for the regulation of insulin secretion.

PY receptors activate the production of insulin reactive substrate nuclear factor, promoting insulin secretion.

Insulin binds to its receptor, activating downstream signaling cascades that lead to tyrosine kinase activation. This activates the mTOR pathway, promoting protein synthesis.

Insulin regulates various metabolic pathways, including gluconeogenesis, glucose uptake, and glycogenolysis, by influencing the activity of key enzymes involved.

Pre-diabetes is characterized by fasting blood glucose levels between 100-125 mg/dL and post prandial BG between 140-199 mg/dL. Diabetes is diagnosed when fasting BG is > 125 mg/dL, post-prandial BG is > 200 mg/dL, and Hgb A1C is > 6.4%.

Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by an absolute insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. This results in an inability to produce insulin.

Type 2 Diabetes involves a combination of impaired glucose uptake, insulin resistance, and defective insulin secretion. It's often associated with obesity.