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Questions and Answers
What are the nonpharmacologic methods of decreasing nausea and vomiting?
What are the nonpharmacologic methods of decreasing nausea and vomiting?
What is another name for vomiting?
What is another name for vomiting?
Emesis
Travelers' diarrhea is usually caused by E. coli.
Travelers' diarrhea is usually caused by E. coli.
True
What is the most frequently used and abused laxative that can be purchased OTC?
What is the most frequently used and abused laxative that can be purchased OTC?
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What type of laxative is lactulose?
What type of laxative is lactulose?
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Which organ is responsible for producing bile?
Which organ is responsible for producing bile?
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What are some contributing factors to constipation?
What are some contributing factors to constipation?
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What is the primary function of antidiarrheal drugs?
What is the primary function of antidiarrheal drugs?
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Which of the following is NOT a side effect of mineral oil?
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of mineral oil?
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Which of the following is an example of a bulk-forming laxative?
Which of the following is an example of a bulk-forming laxative?
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Laxatives and cathartics have the same function.
Laxatives and cathartics have the same function.
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What is the most common cause of travelers' diarrhea?
What is the most common cause of travelers' diarrhea?
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What type of laxative can cause dependency if used frequently?
What type of laxative can cause dependency if used frequently?
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Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of laxatives?
Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of laxatives?
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Bulk-forming laxatives should be taken with sufficient fluids.
Bulk-forming laxatives should be taken with sufficient fluids.
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What are some nursing interventions for patients taking laxatives?
What are some nursing interventions for patients taking laxatives?
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Antidiarrheal drugs work by stimulating the digestive tract.
Antidiarrheal drugs work by stimulating the digestive tract.
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Which medication is used to treat and prevent motion sickness and is categorized as an anticholinergic?
Which medication is used to treat and prevent motion sickness and is categorized as an anticholinergic?
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Which of the following is NOT a prescription antiemetic?
Which of the following is NOT a prescription antiemetic?
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What type of laxative is bisacodyl?
What type of laxative is bisacodyl?
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What is the active ingredient in Milk of Magnesia?
What is the active ingredient in Milk of Magnesia?
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Which of the following medications is typically NOT used for diarrhea?
Which of the following medications is typically NOT used for diarrhea?
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Antidiarrheal medications can be safely taken during pregnancy with no concerns.
Antidiarrheal medications can be safely taken during pregnancy with no concerns.
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What is the primary mechanism of action of bulk-forming laxatives?
What is the primary mechanism of action of bulk-forming laxatives?
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What is the main purpose of the antidiarrheals mentioned in the document?
What is the main purpose of the antidiarrheals mentioned in the document?
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Why are patients with diarrhea advised to avoid milk products and foods rich in fat?
Why are patients with diarrhea advised to avoid milk products and foods rich in fat?
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The use of laxatives is always safe and poses no risk to the body.
The use of laxatives is always safe and poses no risk to the body.
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What are some nonpharmacologic measures for managing diarrhea?
What are some nonpharmacologic measures for managing diarrhea?
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The use of laxatives is often necessary for people with a history of constipation.
The use of laxatives is often necessary for people with a history of constipation.
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Which of the following drugs is NOT a stimulant laxative?
Which of the following drugs is NOT a stimulant laxative?
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What is the main concern regarding the use of laxatives during pregnancy?
What is the main concern regarding the use of laxatives during pregnancy?
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Emollient laxatives are intended for long-term use to manage constipation.
Emollient laxatives are intended for long-term use to manage constipation.
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Which of the following is NOT a side effect of stimulant laxatives?
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of stimulant laxatives?
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Promethazine is a commonly used antidiarrheal medication.
Promethazine is a commonly used antidiarrheal medication.
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What is the main purpose of peristalsis?
What is the main purpose of peristalsis?
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Which of the following is a potential concern associated with the use of osmotic laxatives?
Which of the following is a potential concern associated with the use of osmotic laxatives?
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People with diarrhea should always immediately begin taking antidiarrheal medications.
People with diarrhea should always immediately begin taking antidiarrheal medications.
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What is the main goal of patient teaching regarding laxative use?
What is the main goal of patient teaching regarding laxative use?
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Which of the following laxative types should be taken with a full glass of water?
Which of the following laxative types should be taken with a full glass of water?
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Constipation is a common ailment that affects people of all ages equally.
Constipation is a common ailment that affects people of all ages equally.
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What is the function of the CTZ (Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone) in the body?
What is the function of the CTZ (Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone) in the body?
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Which of the following is a common nonpharmacologic measure for managing constipation?
Which of the following is a common nonpharmacologic measure for managing constipation?
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Travelers' diarrhea is primarily a bacterial infection.
Travelers' diarrhea is primarily a bacterial infection.
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What is the term for a drug that helps to induce vomiting?
What is the term for a drug that helps to induce vomiting?
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Which of the following is a potential sign of dehydration in patients experiencing vomiting?
Which of the following is a potential sign of dehydration in patients experiencing vomiting?
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It is always safe to mix powdered bulk-forming laxatives with juice.
It is always safe to mix powdered bulk-forming laxatives with juice.
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What is the main reason for avoiding alcohol while taking antiemetics?
What is the main reason for avoiding alcohol while taking antiemetics?
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Which of the following organs is located in the upper right quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen?
Which of the following organs is located in the upper right quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen?
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Patients with a history of glaucoma should avoid taking antidiarrheal medications.
Patients with a history of glaucoma should avoid taking antidiarrheal medications.
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What type of medication is often prescribed to prevent and treat motion sickness?
What type of medication is often prescribed to prevent and treat motion sickness?
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Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of antidiarrheal medications?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of antidiarrheal medications?
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It is always safe to give a laxative to a child without consulting a doctor.
It is always safe to give a laxative to a child without consulting a doctor.
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Study Notes
Gastrointestinal Drugs
- Gastrointestinal (GI) tract anatomy diagram shown, including sections like the RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ, liver, stomach, spleen, duodenum, pancreas, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, small intestine, rectum, and anus.
- GI drugs focus on conditions like vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation.
Vomiting
- Vomiting (emesis) is the expulsion of gastric contents.
- Causes include motion sickness, viral/bacterial infections, food intolerance, surgery, pregnancy, pain, shock, certain drugs (e.g., antineoplastics, antibiotics), radiation, and middle ear disturbances.
- Nausea may or may not precede vomiting.
- Nonpharmacologic methods for decreasing nausea/vomiting: weak tea, flat soda, gelatin, Gatorade, Pedialyte (for children), crackers, and dry toast.
- IV fluids for severe dehydration.
Antiemetics
- Types of antiemetic drugs included in the notes are shown.
- Nonprescription antiemetics (e.g., Cyclizine, Dimenhydrinate, Meclizine ) and prescription antiemetics (e.g., Promethazine) are discussed
- Each has specific uses, considerations (like possible side effects, interactions with alcohol, pregnancy categories), and potential adverse reactions.
Adverse Reactions
- Prescription antiemetics can have adverse reactions, including extrapyramidal syndrome, seizures, and life-threatening conditions.
Diarrhea
- Diarrhea is frequent liquid stool, a symptom of an intestinal disorder.
- Intestinal fluids are rich in water, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate, causing potential dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
- Patients with diarrhea should avoid milk products and foods high in fat.
- Nonpharmacologic treatment: clear liquids (Gatorade, Pedialyte) and oral solutions; IV electrolyte solutions if necessary to treat until the underlying cause is determined.
- Antidiarrheal drugs combined with nonpharmacologic treatment.
Travelers' Diarrhea
- A type of acute diarrhea, usually caused by E. coli.
- It typically lasts less than two days.
- For severe cases, fluoroquinolone antibiotics are generally prescribed.
- Loperamide can help slow peristalsis and decrease defecation frequency.
- Prevention includes drinking bottled water, washing fruit, and eating cooked vegetables.
Antidiarrheals
- Different types of antidiarrheal drugs, including opiates, adsorbents, and miscellaneous agents are included.
- Side effects of specific antidiarrheal drugs (e.g., drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, confusion).
- Special considerations for these drugs include warnings against concurrent use with CNS depressants and precautions for patients with glaucoma.
Nursing Interventions (Vomiting, Diarrhea)
- Vital sign monitoring is crucial, especially for severe conditions.
- Bowel sounds should be noted.
- Frequent mouth care for patients experiencing vomiting.
- Addressing dehydration/electrolyte imbalances.
- Cautious administration of antidiarrheal drugs for specific patient populations (e.g., pregnant patients, those with glaucoma, liver disorders).
Constipation
- Constipation is the accumulation of hard fecal material in the large intestine, a common complaint for older adults.
- Contributing factors include insufficient water intake and poor dietary habits.
- Nonpharmacological management includes diet, high fiber, water, exercise, and routine bowel habits.
Laxatives
- Laxatives and cathartics help evacuate fecal matter.
- Laxatives promote soft stools; cathartics lead to watery stools (often with cramping). Drug dosage categorizes the effect, either laxative or cathartic.
- Four main types of laxatives are discussed (osmotics, stimulants, bulk-forming, and emollients).
Specific Laxative Types
- Osmotic (saline): include salts, lactulose, and glycerin; Hyperosmolar salts draw water into the colon, increasing fecal bulk and stimulating peristalsis.
- Stimulant (contact): examples are bisacodyl, senna, and castor oil; increase peristalsis by irritating nerve endings.
- Bulk-forming: natural fibers absorb water, increasing fecal bulk; results in large, soft stools.
- Emollients (stool softeners): examples are docusate calcium, magnesium, and others; lower surface tension to promote water accumulation in the intestines.
Side Effects and Adverse Reactions of Laxatives
- Side effects: Specific types of laxatives can have side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and cramping.
- Adverse reactions can range from mild cramping to more serious effects like electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, and kidney problems.
Nursing Considerations & Patient Teaching regarding Laxatives
- Nursing should monitor patient care and intake.
- Patients should be instructed to increase water intake before and after.
- Overuse should be avoided.
- Time scheduled administration is advised.
- Drug should be instructed to be swallowed whole and not chewed.
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Description
Test your knowledge on gastrointestinal drugs and their effects, focusing on conditions such as vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. This quiz explores the anatomy of the GI tract and the types of antiemetic medications used to treat nausea and vomiting.
