Gastrointestinal Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes projectile vomiting?

  • It is preceded by nausea and retching.
  • It is caused by gastrointestinal contraction.
  • It occurs intermittently with abdominal pain.
  • It results from direct stimulation of the vomiting center. (correct)

    • Which type of constipation is primarily linked to a low-residue, low-fluid diet?

  • Secondary constipation
  • Slow-transit constipation
  • Pelvic floor dyssynergia-anismus
  • Functional constipation (correct)

    • What can cause diarrhea through excessive secretion of fluids by the intestinal mucosa?

  • Increased intestinal motility
  • Inadequate dietary fiber
  • Osmotic imbalance
  • Secretion (correct)

    • Which term refers to the vomiting of blood?

    <p>Hematemesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by an impairment in esophageal motility leading to difficulty in swallowing?

    <p>Achalasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a cause of secondary constipation?

    <p>Endocrine disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary origin of visceral abdominal pain?

    <p>Stretching of abdominal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of occult bleeding?

    <p>Blood detected via stool testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is specifically associated with Crohn disease?

    <p>Skip lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of irritable bowel syndrome?

    <p>Altered bowel habits and abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by inflammation of diverticula?

    <p>Diverticulitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is associated with portal hypertension?

    <p>Hepatic encephalopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes portal hypertension?

    <p>Increased resistance to venous flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most serious potential complication of portal hypertension?

    <p>Bleeding varices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of vascular insufficiency in the intestine?

    <p>Abdominal ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a histological form of microscopic colitis?

    <p>Collagenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ulcer is characterized by chronic development near parietal cells in the antrum?

    <p>Gastric ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome is primarily associated with a gastrinoma?

    <p>Zollinger-Ellison syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of ischemic stress ulcers?

    <p>Decreased blood flow to gastric mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a direct result of rapid gastric emptying caused by surgery?

    <p>Dumping syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with both ulcerative colitis and severe peptic ulcers?

    <p>Frequent diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deficiency in which enzyme directly leads to osmotic diarrhea due to lactose malabsorption?

    <p>Lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of malabsorption is characterized by a lack of bile salts?

    <p>Fat malabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ulcer type follows hypersecretion due to overstimulation of the vagal nuclei?

    <p>Cushing ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hernia involves the upper part of the stomach protruding through the diaphragm?

    <p>Mixed hernia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction?

    <p>Gastroparesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes pyloric obstruction?

    <p>Congenital defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of intestinal obstruction?

    <p>Shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gastritis is most commonly associated with H. pylori and NSAIDs?

    <p>Chronic antral gastritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the development of peptic ulcers?

    <p>Excessive secretion of gastric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ulcer type is the most common among peptic ulcers?

    <p>Duodenal ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of duodenal ulcers?

    <p>Increased parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hepatic encephalopathy?

    <p>Impaired metabolism of blood-borne toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes jaundice?

    <p>Increased plasma bilirubin concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes obstructive jaundice?

    <p>Obstruction of bile ducts or bile canaliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by functional renal failure due to liver disease?

    <p>Hepatorenal syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical consequence of hemolytic jaundice?

    <p>Destruction of red blood cells leads to excess unconjugated bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a main trigger for acute liver failure?

    <p>Toxic overdose of acetaminophen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of hepatitis viruses can be transmitted via the fecal-oral route?

    <p>HAV and HEV only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant clinical manifestation during the prodromal phase of viral hepatitis?

    <p>Anorexia and malaise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary manifestations of esophageal cancer?

    <p>Dysphagia and chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are associated with gastric carcinoma?

    <p>High salt intake and H.pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancer is more common, metastatic or primary cancer of the liver?

    <p>Metastatic invasion of the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about colorectal cancer is correct?

    <p>Familial adenomatous polyposis coli is a genetic risk factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of cancer found in the gallbladder?

    <p>Adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding tumors of the colon?

    <p>Tumors may cause pain and bloody stools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of pancreatic cancer?

    <p>It accounts for about 2.6% of all cancers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of esophageal carcinoma?

    <p>Nutritional deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract

    • Anorexia, loss of appetite, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding are clinical manifestations of many gastrointestinal disorders.
    • Vomiting involves forceful stomach emptying via esophageal reverse peristalsis. It's often preceded by nausea and retching, except in projectile vomiting which directly stimulates the vomiting center.
    • Constipation is categorized as functional (low-residue diet), slow-transit (impaired colonic function), or pelvic floor dyssynergia-anismus. Secondary constipation arises from neurogenic, drug-related, endocrine/metabolic issues, or obstruction.
    • Diarrhea can be osmotic (excessive fluid draw), secretory (excessive fluid secretion), or motility-related (excessive motility).
    • Abdominal pain can be visceral (originating from organs) or parietal (originating from peritoneum) due to stretching, inflammation, or ischemia.
    • Gastrointestinal bleeding can manifest as hematemesis, melena, or hematochezia. Occult bleeding needs tests for detection.
    • Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing, caused by mechanical or functional esophageal obstruction. Achalasia is a functional dysphagia related to esophageal innervation and relaxation loss.
    • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is chyme regurgitation into the esophagus, causing esophagitis from acidic gastric content exposure.
    • Hiatal hernia is the stomach protruding through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm.
    • Gastroparesis is delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction. Pyloric obstruction arises from narrowings or blockages of the pylorus.
    • Intestinal obstruction prevents normal chyme movement, often due to torsion, herniation, or tumors (mechanical). Paralytic ileus causes functional obstruction. Severe consequences include fluid loss, hypovolemia, shock, necrosis, and perforation.
    • Gastritis is acute or chronic gastric mucosa inflammation. Regurgitation of bile, anti-inflammatory drugs, alcohol, infection (H. pylori), and some system diseases are associated.
    • Chronic fundal gastritis is rare, with autoimmune response against parietal cells leading to gastric atrophy and pernicious anemia. Chronic antral gastritis is frequent, related to H. pylori and NSAIDs. Alkaline reflux gastritis arises from bile and pancreatic secretion reflux into the stomach.
    • Peptic ulcers are mucosal inflammation and ulceration due to high gastric acid secretion or barrier disruption. Duodenal, gastric, and stress ulcers are the types, often associated with H. pylori and NSAIDs. Duodenal ulcers occur near the duodenum, generally with rapid gastric emptying, and resolve with food or antacids. Gastric ulcers commonly occur in the antrum.
    • Zollinger-Ellison syndrome causes chronic gastric acid secretion and ulcers due to gastrinoma.

    Other Disorders

    • Stress ulcers (acute mucosal damage) result from severe illness, trauma, neural injury, or burns.
    • Postgastrectomy syndromes are post-surgical complications.
    • Malabsorption syndromes comprise impaired nutrient digestion or absorption. Pancreatic insufficiency is associated with inadequate digestive enzyme production. Lactase deficiency inhibits lactose digestion, causing osmotic diarrhea. Bile salt deficiency may prevent fat absorption, resulting in fatty stools.
    • Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease causing colonic and rectal mucosal ulceration, frequent relapses. Crohn's disease involves the entire GI tract, often with skip lesions and granulomas. Microscopic colitis is chronic inflammation affecting microscopic levels of the colon. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a brain-gut interaction disorder with altered bowel habits.
    • Diverticula are sac-like outpouchings in the colon wall. Diverticulosis is their presence, and diverticulitis involves inflammation. Appendicitis is obstruction causing inflammation and potential complications.
    • Vascular insufficiency in the intestines arises from insufficient blood flow due to mesenteric vessel occlusion leading to ischemia and necrosis with symptoms including abdominal pain, fever, bloody diarrhea, hypovolemia, and shock.
    • Portal hypertension, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, jaundice, and hepatorenal syndrome are complications from liver disorders. Portal hypertension is high portal venous pressure due to resistance. Ascites is fluid build-up in the peritoneal cavity. Hepatic encephalopathy arises from unmetabolized toxins (ammonia) by the impaired liver. Jaundice is yellowing due to elevated bilirubin.
    • Various hepatitis types cause liver inflammation (necrosis, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, infiltration). Fulminant hepatitis is a severe and often fatal complication of hepatitis B or C infection.
    • Cirrhosis is an irreversible liver disease characterized by fibrosis, and nodular regeneration that leads to impaired function. Alcoholic liver disease arises from acetaldehyde-induced impairment of hepatocyte function. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease represents fat build-up in hepatocytes and can advance.
    • Primary biliary cirrhosis damages intrahepatic bile ducts through inflammatory destruction. Secondary biliary cirrhosis arises from bile duct obstruction. Primary sclerosing cholangitis involves fibrosis of medium and large bile ducts.
    • Cholelithiasis involves gallstone formation (cholesterol or pigmented stones). Cholecystitis is related to gallstone-induced gallbladder inflammation. Acute pancreatitis is serious inflammation frequently due to biliary obstruction or alcohol. Chronic pancreatitis is recurrent inflammation usually related to alcoholism or recurrent acute pancreatitis.
    • Cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, gallbladder, and pancreas are discussed, along with their risk factors and symptoms.

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    Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on gastrointestinal disorders with this quiz. It covers various conditions like projectile vomiting, constipation types, and esophageal motility issues. Challenge yourself to answer questions related to symptoms and causes of digestive system ailments.

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