Gastrointestinal Disorders Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does GERD stand for?

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

What is the main cause of GERD?

A weak lower esophageal sphincter

Which of the following are risk factors for GERD? (Select all that apply)

  • Family history (correct)
  • Smoking (correct)
  • Lying supine while eating (correct)
  • Fatty diet (correct)
  • Drinking (correct)
  • Obesity (correct)
  • Hiatal hernia (correct)

    • What is a hiatal hernia?

    <p>A condition where a portion of the stomach or other organs protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GERD symptoms typically occur 30-60 minutes after eating.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is PUD?

    <p>Peptic ulcer disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main causes of PUD? (Select all that apply)

    <p>NSAIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PUD symptoms are usually worse on an empty stomach.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a bowel obstruction?

    <p>A blockage in the flow of chyme through the intestinal lumen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of bowel obstruction? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Mechanical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common symptoms of bowel obstruction? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are considered red flag symptoms of bowel obstruction? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diverticulosis?

    <p>The formation of pouches or diverticula in the colon wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common symptoms of diverticulitis? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Distention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ulcerative colitis?

    <p>A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the large intestine and rectum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ulcerative colitis causes ulcers that are discontinuous and skip areas of the GI tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common symptoms of ulcerative colitis? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Bloody stool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Crohn's disease?

    <p>A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the GI tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crohn's disease causes inflammation that only affects the lining of the GI tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common symptoms of Crohn's disease? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are potential complications of lower GI disorders? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Perforation with peritonitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fistula?

    <p>An abnormal connection between two organs or between an organ and the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an abscess?

    <p>A localized collection of pus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is perforation with peritonitis?

    <p>A hole in the wall of the GI tract that allows contents to leak into the abdominal cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necrotic bowel?

    <p>Death of bowel tissue due to lack of blood supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is portal hypertension?

    <p>High blood pressure in the portal venous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common symptoms of portal hypertension? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Splenomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are esophageal varices?

    <p>Enlarged and swollen veins in the esophagus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ascites?

    <p>An accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is splenomegaly?

    <p>Enlargement of the spleen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cirrhosis?

    <p>Scarring and fibrosis of the liver tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main causes of cirrhosis? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Alcohol abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is jaundice?

    <p>Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main causes of jaundice? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Excessive destruction of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prodromal phase of hepatitis?

    <p>The initial phase of hepatitis, characterized by non-specific symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common symptoms of the prodromal phase of hepatitis? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the icterus phase of hepatitis?

    <p>The phase of hepatitis characterized by jaundice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common symptoms of the icterus phase of hepatitis? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Pruritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recovery phase of hepatitis?

    <p>The phase of hepatitis when the liver begins to heal and jaundice resolves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is hepatitis A transmitted?

    <p>Through the fecal-oral route.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hepatitis B is a self-limiting infection and rarely leads to chronic disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lab tests are typically elevated in liver disease? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Albumin levels are typically elevated in liver disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gallstones made of? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Calcium salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main causes of cholecystitis? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pancreatitis?

    <p>Inflammation of the pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diabetes mellitus?

    <p>A metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is type 1 diabetes?

    <p>A type of diabetes characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People with type 1 diabetes can typically modify their risk factors for the disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People with type 2 diabetes can't modify any risk factors for the disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are lab tests commonly used to monitor diabetes? (Select all that apply)

    <p>A1C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gastrointestinal Disorders

    • GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease): Weak lower esophageal sphincter allows acid and pepsin reflux into the esophagus.

    • GERD Risk Factors: Obesity, family history, smoking, alcohol consumption, fatty diet, lying down after eating. Hiatal hernia is also a risk factor.

    • Hiatal Hernia: Stomach or other organs push through the diaphragm into the chest. Pain often occurs 30-60 minutes after eating in the retrosternal area (behind the breastbone).

    • PUD (Peptic Ulcer Disease): Ulcers in the upper GI tract caused by exposure to acid and pepsin secretions; often scarring occurs.

    • PUD Causes: H. pylori bacteria, alcohol, smoking, medications (especially NSAIDs).

    • PUD Symptoms Worsened By: Empty stomach; relieved by food.

    • Bowel Obstruction: Blockage preventing chyme (food material) from moving through the gut.

    • Bowel Obstruction Types:

    • Mechanical: Caused by physical blockages like adhesions, torsion (twisting), hernias, intussusception (one part of the bowel slides into another part), or cancer.

    • Non-mechanical: Caused by impaired peristalsis (muscle contractions that move food through the gut), often after surgery or narcotic use.

    • Bowel Obstruction Clinical Manifestations (CM): Abdominal pain, distension, nausea/vomiting, constipation/diarrhea, hyperactive or hypoactive bowel sounds.

    • Bowel Obstruction Red Flags: Abrupt onset of pain, guarding (tensing of abdominal muscles), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), fever, bloody stool.

    • Diverticulosis: Formation of small pouches (diverticula) in the colon wall, often asymptomatic. May experience cramping, bloating, and constipation.

    • Diverticulitis: Infection of diverticula, causing intense symptoms.

    • Diverticulitis CM: Cramping abdominal pain (often in the lower left quadrant), diarrhea/constipation, nausea/vomiting, fever, elevated WBC (leukocytes), gas, and potentially bloody stool (diverticular hemorrhage).

    • Ulcerative Colitis: Chronic inflammation with ulcers in the large intestine and rectum, characterized by continuous ulceration. Associated with diarrhea, bloody stool, cramping pain, and increased risk for colon cancer.

    • Crohn's Disease: Chronic inflammation with ulcers that can affect any part of the GI tract, marked by skip lesions (inflammation in segments separated by healthy tissue). Ulcers affect the entire bowel wall and are associated with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and possible anemia (if there's bleeding).

    • Lower GI Complications: Fistula (abnormal connection between organs), abscess (collection of pus), perforation (hole in the gut with leakage into the abdomen leading to peritonitis), and necrotic bowel (tissue death due to lack of blood flow).

    • Fistula: Abnormal opening allowing GI contents to leak out into other organs or skin.

    • Abscess: Collection of pus.

    • Perforation with Peritonitis: Rupture in the GI tract, leaking contents into the abdomen causing severe pain.

    • Necrotic Bowel: Lack of blood supply to the bowel leading to tissue death.

    • Portal Hypertension (PHTN): High blood pressure in the portal vein (drains blood from the abdomen to the liver). Blood flow to the liver is obstructed.

    • PHTN CM: Esophageal varices, ascites, splenomegaly.

    • Esophageal Varices: Enlarged, swollen veins in the esophagus, potentially leading to rupture and bleeding (a serious and often life-threatening complication).

    • Ascites: Increased fluid in the peritoneal cavity (lining of the abdomen). This fluid imbalance is associated with impaired albumin production.

    • Splenomegaly: Enlarged spleen due to PHTN shunting blood into the splenic vein; leads to anemia and bleeding problems/infection risk.

    • Cirrhosis: Liver tissue replaced by scar tissue. This leads to PHTN, biliary obstruction, and liver failure.

    • Cirrhosis Causes: Alcohol (most common), viral hepatitis, autoimmune disorders, biliary cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, gallstones, drug overdose.

    • Jaundice: Yellowing of skin and eyes due to elevated bilirubin levels; bilirubin is not excreted in the stool.

    • Jaundice Causes: Increased red blood cell breakdown, impaired liver bilirubin processing, decreased excretion of bilirubin.

    • Hepatitis Phases:

    • Phase 1 (Prodromal/Preicteric): Fatigue, malaise, myalgia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever.

    • Phase 2 (Icteric): Jaundice, itching (pruritis), liver tenderness, increased bilirubin levels.

    • Phase 3 (Recovery): Jaundice resolution, return to normal.

    • Hepatitis A: Transmitted orally; typically resolves in 4-8 weeks. Preventable by vaccination and good hygiene.

    • Hepatitis B: Transmitted by blood and sexual contact, often chronic (lasting). Vaccine and safe practices available to prevent transmission. Highest cause of liver transplant.

    • Liver Disease Lab Findings (often elevated): AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, prothrombin time, ammonia. Albumin is often decreased.

    • Gallstones Composition: Cholesterol, bile pigments, calcium salts.

    • Cholecystitis (Gallbladder Inflammation) Causes:

    • Calculous (90%): Obstruction by gallstones.

    • Acalculous: Inflammation without gallstones, possibly from disease or trauma.

    • Pancreatitis: Pancreatic enzymes auto-digest pancreatic tissue. Common CM involve nausea and vomiting, as well as abdominal pain. NPO (nothing by mouth) is often indicated.

    • Diabetes Mellitus: Blood glucose levels remain high due to problems with insulin secretion or use.

    • Type 1 Diabetes: Body's immune system destroys insulin-producing cells. Cannot produce insulin.

    • Type 2 Diabetes: Body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin. Some insulin is functional, but the response isn't effective enough. Risk factors can be modified.

    • Diabetes Mellitus Labs: A1C (blood glucose control over time), blood glucose levels (fasting and random).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on various gastrointestinal disorders including GERD, peptic ulcer disease, and bowel obstructions. This quiz covers risk factors, symptoms, and causes associated with these conditions. Perfect for students studying healthcare or related fields.

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