Gastro-Intestinal Disorders: Emesis Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of an individual’s stomach through the mouth and at times through the nose known as?

Emesis

What are some of the causes of emesis?

  • Poisoning or gastritis (correct)
  • Elevated intracranial pressure (correct)
  • Excessive exposure to ionizing radiation (correct)
  • Early pregnancy (correct)
  • All of the above

What is the feeling that an individual is about to vomit or throw up known as?

Nausea

Emesis may at times lead to some complications which may be dangerous and require immediate treatments.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the gastric secretions that are usually expelled during emesis due to gastritis, known for?

<p>Highly acidic in nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of endogenous emetic substances that may cause emesis?

<p>Radiation damage or any disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the condition when fresh blood is sometimes seen in a process of emesis?

<p>Blood Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the type of emesis that occurs in case of severe emesis where there is a duodenal contraction?

<p>Bile vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two phases of emesis?

<p>Expulsive phase (A), Retching phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase of emesis where nothing expels out, but the patient may be experiencing violent hiccups?

<p>Retching phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the next phase in the act of emesis where an intense pressure in the stomach is formed, brought about by enormous shifts in both the diaphragm as well as the abdomen?

<p>Expulsive phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Delayed emesis occurs after 5 days of chemotherapy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Delayed emesis is quite difficult to treat with standard antiemetic drugs

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the medication that is mostly used for delayed emesis, usually after 2-5 days of chemotherapy?

<p>Cisplatin (A), Dexamethasone (B), Metoclopramide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of emesis is conditioned by previous reactions to chemotherapy?

<p>Anticipatory Emesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of emesis occurs in every 2-3 months, and is commonly attributed to migraine?

<p>Cyclic Emesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of emesis refers to the process of throwing up of gastric contents with great force?

<p>Projectile Emesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Projectile Emesis can sometimes cause materials to expel out of a person's nose.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the serious complications of emesis or vomiting?

<p>Electrolyte Imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emesis can lead to depletion in the water content of the body and may also alter the electrolyte status.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emesis due to gastritis leads to direct loss of acids or protons and chloride

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emesis can be seriously dangerous if the gastric content enters the respiratory tract.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the gastric content enters the respiratory tract a person may choke and meet with a condition of an aspiration pneumonia.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Continuous emesis can cause destruction of the tooth enamel.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Continuous emesis can cause ill oral health as the tissues of the gums are degraded by the process of emesis.

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Continuous and repeated emesis may cause erosions to the oesophagus

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Continuous and repeated emesis may cause small tears in the oesophageal mucosa.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of drug is used to treat emesis?

<p>Antiemetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiemetic drugs are known to be effective against emesis and nausea.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiemetic drugs are mostly used to treat motion sickness and the side effects of medications like chemotherapy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiemetic drugs are classified into several classes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of antiemetic drug is mainly used to prevent motion sickness?

<p>Anticholinergics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hallucinations may occur when anticholinergic drugs are taken in large doses.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiemetic drugs are mainly used for motion sickness.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiemetic drugs have an additional anticholinergic action.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiemetic drugs may cause side effects

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiemetic drugs are mostly used as antipsychotic agents.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiemetic drugs have aantinarinanic action.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiemetics which are good for anticipatory nausea and emesis before cancer therapy are a class of antiemetic drugs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiemetics are also used for treating vestibular disorders.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the most effective treatments available for treating and preventing serious emesis occurring due to cancer chemotherapy is antiemetic drugs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is known that about 85% of patients achieve complete control of emesis with antiemetic drugs

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ginger is an effective natural antiemetic, that can be eaten or consumed as tea.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drinking rice water is an effective home remedy, that can reduce the act of emesis and is especially known to help those who experience emesis due to gastritis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mint tea is an effective home remedy, that can treat emesis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cinnamon powder is an effective home remedy for emesis, it can be added to boiling water and consumed after allowing it to steep.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vinegar is an effective home remedy for emesis, it can be added to water and consumed.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fennel seeds are effective in digestion and ease nausea.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fennel seeds can be used in treating emesis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tea made of cloves can be effective in treating emesis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cumin is an effective home remedy in cases of emesis, especially those caused due to digestive problems.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In case of an emergency due to emesis or nausea, contact the appropriate medical professional and take effective treatments.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Emesis

Involuntary expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth (and sometimes nose).

Nausea

Feeling of impending vomiting.

Gastritis

Inflammation of the stomach lining.

Poisoning

Ingestion of harmful substances.

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Electrolyte Imbalance

Disruption in the balance of electrolytes in the body.

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Dehydration

Excessive loss of body water.

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Aspiration Pneumonia

Lung infection from swallowed vomit.

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Retching Phase

First phase of vomiting, characterized by hiccups and muscle contractions.

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Expulsive Phase

Second phase of vomiting; forceful expulsion.

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Anticipatory Emesis

Vomiting triggered by anticipation of a stimulus.

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Cyclic Emesis

Recurring vomiting episodes.

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Projectile Emesis

Forceful expulsion of vomit.

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Delayed Emesis

Vomiting occurring days after a stimulus.

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Antiemetic

Medication to prevent or treat vomiting.

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Anticholinergics

A class of antiemetic drugs.

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Blood Vomiting

Vomiting with blood present.

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Study Notes

GASTRO-INTESTINAL DISORDERS

  • Emesis (Vomiting): Involuntary expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth or nose.
  • Causes of Emesis:
    • Poisoning
    • Gastritis
    • Increased intracranial pressure
    • Ionizing radiation exposure
    • Early pregnancy
    • Medications/drugs
    • Endogenous emetic substances
    • Radiation damage
    • Disease
    • Nauseating smells
    • Disgusting experiences
    • Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV)
    • Emotional stress
    • Duodenal contraction (severe emesis)
  • Types of Emesis:
    • Delayed emesis (following Cisplatin chemotherapy)
    • Anticipatory emesis (conditioned by previous reactions)
    • Cyclic emesis (recurring every few months, often linked to migraine)
    • Projectile emesis (expulsion of contents with great force)
  • Phases of Emesis:
    • Retching phase (abdominal muscle contractions)
    • Expulsive phase (release of gastric contents)
  • Complications of Emesis:
    • Electrolyte imbalance (dehydration, altering electrolyte status)
    • Aspiration pneumonia (gastric contents entering respiratory tract)

CONSTIPATION

  • Definition: Passing stool fewer than three times a week (or less than one stool per week for severe constipation).
  • Etiology (Causes):
    • Medications (narcotics, antidepressants, iron pills)
    • Poor bowel habits
    • Low-fiber diet
    • Laxative abuse
    • Hormonal disorders
    • Stress
    • Colon cancer
    • Eating disorders
    • High dairy intake
    • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
    • Neurological conditions (Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis)
    • Inactivity
    • Hypothyroidism
    • High estrogen/progesterone (pregnancy)
    • Colonic inertia
    • Pelvic floor dysfunction
  • Clinical Manifestation (Symptoms):
    • Lower abdominal discomfort
    • Sense of incomplete evacuation
    • Straining to defecate
    • Hard or small stools
    • Rectal bleeding/anal fissures
    • Physiological distress/obsession with bowel movements
    • Fecal impaction (hardened stool in rectum)
  • Risk Factors:
    • Female sex
    • Age (65+)
    • Low income
    • Pregnancy/recent childbirth

DIARRHEA

  • Definition: Frequent passage of loose, watery stools.
  • Etiology (Causes):
    • Food poisoning
    • Stomach flu
    • Lactose intolerance
    • Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
    • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
    • Infections (bacteria, viruses, parasites)
    • Colorectal cancer
    • Medication side effects
    • Endocrine disorders (Addison's disease)
    • Carcinoid tumors
  • Symptoms:
    • Frequent loose, watery stools
    • Stomach pain
    • Cramps
    • Bloating
    • Thirst
    • Weight loss
    • Blood in stool
  • Diagnosis: Medical history, physical exam, blood tests, stool tests, X-rays, and other procedures.
  • Treatment:
    • Oral rehydration solutions
    • Medication adjustment
    • Treatment for underlying conditions
    • Antidiarrheal medications (Over-the-counter and prescription options)
    • Supportive care and monitoring for complications

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