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Questions and Answers
What is the product obtained from the stomach's digestion called?
In which order are the compartments of ruminants' stomach available between the oesophagus and the glandular stomach?
Which domestic animals have a single compartment or diverticulum with a non-glandular portion of keratinized flat stratified epithelium?
What is the fourth compartment of the ruminants' stomach, known as abomasum, called in Spanish?
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What are the three layers of smooth muscle that make up the muscularis?
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Which nervous system slows down gastric motility and secretion?
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What is the cephalic phase of nerve regulation induced by?
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Which hormone stimulates gastric secretion?
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In birds, which stomach compartment does the food first pass through?
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What type of cells produce both acidic products and hydrolytic enzymes in the glandular stomach of birds?
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What forms the corneal substance in the mucosa of the ventriculus (gizzard) in birds?
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What are the two diverticula that make up the stomach of birds?
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Where are the parietal or oxyntic cells primarily located?
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What is the main function of mucous cells in the stomach?
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Where are the underdeveloped gastric glands mainly located?
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Which region of the gastric mucosa has the most extensive development of gastric glands?
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What is the main function of chief or peptic cells in the stomach?
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Where are the endocrine cells primarily located?
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What is the composition of the lamina propria?
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Where are the underdeveloped glands located?
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Where are the simple branched tubular glands located?
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What is the primary function of endocrine cells in the stomach?
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What is the function of the lamina propria beneath the gastric glands?
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Which part of the small intestine is responsible for digestion and absorption of food?
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What are the finger-like projections of the mucosa in the small intestine called?
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Which specializations of the plasma membrane are located at the apical border of enterocytes in the small intestine?
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What are the circularly arranged folds of the mucosa in the small intestine called?
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Which of the following is a significant difference between the mucosa of the small intestine and the large intestine?
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In the submucosa of the large intestine, which of the following is true?
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What characterizes the outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis in the caecum and colon of pigs and horses?
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What type of epithelium is abruptly found at the recto-anal junction?
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What are the associated glands found in some species, such as carnivores and pigs, at the anal region?
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How are the villi in the small intestine of birds different from mammals?
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What is the terminal compartment of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts in birds called?
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What lines all surfaces of the abdominal cavity in animals?
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Which cells in the small intestine mucosa produce mucinogen and mucus to form a protective film on the intestinal surface?
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Where are the eosinophilic granular cells (Paneth cells) located in the small intestine?
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Which layer of smooth muscle is responsible for the peristaltic movements of the small intestine?
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Which region of the small intestine contains lymphoid follicles and Peyer's patches with M cells capturing antigens from the intestinal lumen?
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Which cells are responsible for the renewal of the intestinal epithelium in the small intestine by producing absorbent columnar cells and goblet cells?
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Where are the lymphatic vessels located in the small intestine?
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What is the function of Auerbach's myenteric plexus in the small intestine?
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In which part of the small intestine do Brünner's glands, which produce mucous secretions, primarily exist?
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Where do undifferentiated cells multiply, differentiate, and migrate to give rise to new cells in the small intestine?
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What is responsible for innervating and regulating gastric motility and secretion in the stomach?
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Where does microbial action primarily occur among the segments of the large intestine?
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What type of cells primarily synthesize mucinogen and produce mucus that forms a protective film on the intestinal surface?
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Study Notes
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The epithelium of the stomach is covered with foveolae or gastric pits, which increase the surface area of the gastric mucosa and house the gastric glands of the lamina propria.
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The lamina propria is a layer of loose connective tissue, rich in plasma cells, lymphocytes, mast cells, fibroblasts, and occasional smooth muscle fibers.
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The gastric mucosa consists of three distinct regions: cardial, fundic, and pyloric, each with varying cellular compositions of the glands.
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The cardial region has underdeveloped glands, located around the cardia and containing few parietal and chief cells.
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The fundic region and body have the most extensive development of the gastric glands and the greatest number of parietal, chief, and mucous cells.
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The pyloric region has underdeveloped gastric glands, mainly containing mucous cells to protect the mucosa from digestive enzymes and acid.
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The gastric glands of the lamina propria are simple branched tubular glands, comprised of neck, body, and base.
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Mucous cells of the neck are mainly located in the cardia and pylorus, producing mucus to protect the mucosa and have a cuboidal morphology.
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Parietal or oxyntic cells are located in the neck and body of the gastric glands, producing hydrochloric acid, having a large, basophilic nucleus, and numerous mitochondria.
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Chief or peptic cells are located in the body and base of the gastric glands, synthesizing and secreting digestive enzymes, having a smaller size and basophilic cytoplasm.
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Endocrine cells, also called argentaffin or APUD cells, are located at the base of the gastric glands, producing hormones like serotonin, gastrin, and others, and secreting them into the lamina propria.
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The lamina propria beneath the gastric glands is supported by a well-developed muscularis mucosae.
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Carnivores have a thick layer of collagen fibers (compact stratum) beneath the mucosa to prevent the stomach from being punctured by sharp objects.
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The submucosa is made up of loose vascularized connective tissue with numerous leukocytes.
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The small intestine mucosa consists of the lining epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae.
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Lining epithelium: simple columnar epithelium composed of absorptive enterocytes, goblet cells, and occluding junctions that prevent content from diffusing. Enterocytes have an ovoid nucleus, microvilli, and a well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum. They absorb amino acids, monosaccharides, and immunoglobulins. Goblet cells synthesize mucinogen and produce mucus that forms a protective film on the intestinal surface.
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Lamina propria: richly vascularized and innervated loose connective tissue containing immune cells (plasma cells, lymphocytes, mast cells, and eosinophils), diffuse lymphoid tissue, and lymphatic vessels. Lymphoid follicles (Peyer's patches) contain M cells, which capture antigens from the intestinal lumen and present them to lymphocytes. Intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn) are located in the lamina propria and produce absorbent columnar cells and goblet cells. Eosinophilic granular cells (Paneth cells) produce antimicrobial components.
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Muscularis mucosae: consists of two layers of smooth muscle, internal circular and external longitudinal. It is responsible for the peristaltic movements of the intestine.
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Submucosa: loose connective tissue containing glands (Brünner's glands) and lymphoid follicles. Brünner's glands produce mucous secretions and are located in the duodenum and horse intestines. Lymphoid follicles are present in the small intestine and are more numerous in horses. The nervous plexus Auerbach's myenteric plexus is located in the connective tissue and is responsible for innervating the muscularis.
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Large intestine: made up of the caecum, colon, and rectum. Microbial action occurs in the large intestine, water, electrolytes, and vitamins are absorbed, and in horses and pigs, fatty acids produced by microbial digestion of cellulose are absorbed.
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The small intestine mucosal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn) are responsible for the renewal of the intestinal epithelium by producing absorbent columnar cells and goblet cells. At the base of the crypts, undifferentiated cells multiply, differentiate, and migrate to the villi, where they give rise to new cells. Cells at the apex of the villi die and shed into the lumen through a physiological process called apoptosis. Eosinophilic granular cells (Paneth cells) produce antimicrobial components and are located at the base of the crypts. The endocrine cells of the APUD system (enteroendocrine cells) secrete hormones and regulate the peristaltic movements of the gastrointestinal tract and its secretions.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the anatomy of the gastric mucosa and lamina propria. Learn about the structure and composition of these important components of the stomach lining.
