Gases and Kinetic Molecular Theory

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Questions and Answers

According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, which of the following statements is true regarding collisions between gas particles?

  • Collisions are perfectly inelastic, with significant heat generation.
  • Collisions result in a net loss of kinetic energy.
  • Collisions are perfectly elastic, conserving total kinetic energy. (correct)
  • Collisions cause gas particles to stick together, reducing pressure.

Gases have high densities compared to liquids and solids.

False (B)

What is the relationship between the average kinetic energy of gas molecules and the temperature, as described by the Kinetic Molecular Theory?

proportional

Gas pressure is a result of the collisions of gas particles with the walls of the ______.

<p>container</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions would result in higher gas pressure inside a closed container?

<p>Increasing the temperature of the gas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to use Kelvin, and not Celsius, when performing calculations using the gas laws?

<p>Both B and C. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each variable with its standard unit of measurement for gases:

<p>Pressure = atm or kPa Volume = L Temperature = K Amount of Gas = moles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the compressibility of gases?

<p>Gases are easily compressed because of the large spaces between particles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas law explains why a balloon shrinks when taken outside in the cold?

<p>Charles' Law (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Boyle's Law describes the relationship between volume and temperature at constant pressure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Avogadro's Law, what variable is directly proportional to the volume of a gas, assuming constant temperature and pressure?

<p>number of moles</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Gay-Lussac's Law, pressure is directly proportional to ______ when volume is held constant.

<p>temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the amount of gas in a container is doubled, what happens to the volume, assuming constant temperature and pressure?

<p>The volume doubles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A gas occupies 10.0 L at standard temperature and pressure (STP). If the pressure is doubled while keeping the temperature constant, what is the new volume of the gas?

<p>5.0 L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A container of gas has a pressure of 300 kPa at 27°C. If the temperature is increased to 227°C, what is the new pressure, assuming the volume is constant?

<p>500 kPa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the gas law with its corresponding relationship:

<p>Boyle’s Law = Inverse relationship between pressure and volume Charles’ Law = Direct relationship between volume and temperature Gay-Lussac’s Law = Direct relationship between pressure and temperature Avogadro’s Law = Direct relationship between volume and number of moles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sets of units correctly corresponds to the variables volume (V), pressure (P), amount in moles (n), and temperature (T), respectively?

<p>L, atm, moles, Kelvin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Convert 785 mmHg to atm. Express your answer to two decimal places.

<p>1.03</p> Signup and view all the answers

To convert from Celsius to Kelvin, one must add ______ to the Celsius temperature.

<p>273.15</p> Signup and view all the answers

A gas occupies 0.346 L at 298 K and 201 kPa. What will the volume be at 152 kPa, assuming the temperature remains constant?

<p>0.457 L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the temperature of a gas in a rigid container increases, the pressure will also increase.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pressure of a CO2 sample is 2.00 atm at 30.45 degrees Celsius. If the temperature is increased to 92.01 degrees Celsius, what will the new pressure be (in atm)? Express your answer to two decimal places.

<p>2.42</p> Signup and view all the answers

A balloon has a volume of 4.21 L at 25.0 °C. What will be the volume of the balloon when the temperature is 50.0 °C, assuming the pressure stays constant?

<p>4.56 L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At a certain temperature and pressure, 0.369 moles of a gas occupies 9.75 L. How many moles of the same gas are present in a 7.00 L container under the same conditions? Express your answer to two decimal places.

<p>0.26</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gas Properties

Gases expand to fill their container, are highly compressible, mix evenly, and have low densities.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

A model describing gas behavior with assumptions about particle size, motion, collisions, and intermolecular forces.

Gas Particle Size

Gas particles are tiny compared to the space between them, and treated as point-masses.

Gas Particle Motion

Gas particles move randomly in straight lines until colliding with something.

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Elastic Collisions

Collisions between gas particles are perfectly elastic; no kinetic energy is lost.

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Intermolecular Forces in Gases

Gas particles neither attract nor repel each other.

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Kinetic Energy & Temperature

The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is proportional to the temperature in Kelvin.

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Gas Pressure

Force per unit area, resulting from gas particle collisions with container walls.

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Boyle's Law

Volume and pressure are inversely proportional when temperature and amount are constant.

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Charles's Law

Volume and temperature are directly proportional when pressure and amount are constant

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Gay-Lussac's Law

Pressure and temperature are directly proportional when volume and amount are constant.

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Avogadro's Law

Volume and the number of moles are directly proportional when temperature and pressure are constant.

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Boyle's Law Equation

P₁V₁ = P₂V₂

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Charles's Law Equation

V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂

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Gay-Lussac's Law Equation

P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂

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Avogadro's Law Equation

V₁/n₁ = V₂/n₂

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Atmosphere (atm)

A unit of pressure equal to the force exerted by the atmosphere at sea level. 1 atm = 760 mmHg

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Millimeters of Mercury (mmHg)

A unit of pressure based on the height of a column of mercury (Hg).

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Torr

Another unit of pressure, nearly identical to mmHg (1 torr ≈ 1 mmHg).

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Kilopascal (kPa)

A unit of pressure in the metric system. 1 atm = 101.325 kPa

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Moles (n)

The amount of substance, usually referring to the number of particles (atoms, molecules, etc.).

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Kelvin (K)

A temperature scale where 0 K is absolute zero. K = ℃ + 273.15

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Volume (V)

The amount of space a substance occupies.

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Pressure (P)

The force exerted per unit area.

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Study Notes

  • Gases take the volume and shape of their container
  • Gases are highly compressible
  • Gases mix evenly and completely when confined to the same container
  • Gases have low densities compared to liquids and solids

Kinetic Molecular Theory Assumptions

  • Gas sample particles are very small relative to the distances between them, making their size negligible and treatable as point-masses
  • Gas particles are in constant random motion, moving in straight lines until colliding with each other or the container walls
  • Collisions are perfectly elastic, meaning no energy is lost or gained, only transferred
  • Gas particles don't attract or repel each other
  • The average kinetic energy of molecules is proportional to the temperature of the particles measured in Kelvin
  • Gas pressure comes from the collisions of the particles with the walls of the container; more collisions or collisions with more force result in higher pressure

Key Variables for Gases

  • Pressure (P): Measures the force per unit area
    • 760 torr = 101.3 kPa = 1 atm = 760 mmHg
  • Volume (V): Measures the space that something occupies
    • 1 L = 1000 ml
  • Temperature (T): Measures the average kinetic energy of the particles, Kelvin only
    • °C + 273 = K
  • Moles (n): Measures the number of particles, in moles

Pressure Measurement

  • Pressure was traditionally measured using a barometer or a manometer, now pressure sensors are used
  • Pressure of a gas is found by comparing the pressure of the gas with the pressure of the atmosphere (1 atm - usually) or the pressure of a vacuum (0 atm)

Gas Laws

  • Boyle's Law: P×V = k
    • Relationship: Inverse
    • Formula: P1V1 = P2V2
    • Example: Squeezing a sealed water bottle gets harder as the volume decreases
  • Charles' Law: V/T = k
    • Relationship: Direct
    • Formula: V1/T1 = V2/T2
    • Example: Taking a balloon outside in the cold makes it shrink
  • Gay-Lussac's Law: P/T = k
    • Relationship: Direct
    • Formula: P1/T1 = P2/T2
    • Example: In the winter, tire pressure decreases
  • Avogadro's Law: V/n = k
    • Relationship: Direct
    • Formula: V1/n1 = V2/n2
    • Example: When you put more air into a balloon, the balloon gets larger

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