Gas Welding and Hydrostatic Extrusion Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the maximum recommended pressure for acetylene from a cylinder through a rubber hose?

  • 2 bar
  • 1 bar (correct)
  • 0.5 bar
  • 3.5 bar

What pressure range is recommended for acetylene at the welding torch in a low-pressure system?

  • 0.06 to 0.5 bar
  • 1.0 to 3.0 bar
  • 0.06 to 1.0 bar (correct)
  • 0.5 to 3.5 bar

What is the purpose of the back pressure valve in the gas welding system?

  • To prevent an explosion from gas backflow (correct)
  • To clean the acetylene before usage
  • To increase the pressure of the gas in the blowpipe
  • To regulate the temperature of the generated gas

What is the required pressure range for oxygen at the welding torch in a high-pressure system?

<p>0.1 to 3.5 bar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What equipment is replaced in the low-pressure system of gas welding instead of an acetylene cylinder?

<p>Acetylene generator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the high pressure liquid medium in hydrostatic extrusion?

<p>To transmit force to the billet/blank (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is mentioned as being extrudable through hydrostatic extrusion, despite its brittleness?

<p>Tungsten (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does hydrostatic pressure have on the material during extrusion?

<p>It increases the ductility of the material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of using a pressurized fluid in the hydrostatic extrusion process?

<p>Improved surface finish (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential drawback of hydrostatic extrusion?

<p>Tendency for internal crack formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What speed range is specified for impact extrusion?

<p>100 to 350 mm/s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a material that can be extruded through hydrostatic extrusion?

<p>It can include brittle materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of welding is preferable for plates thicker than 20 mm?

<p>Arc welding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a butt joint in welding?

<p>Edges or ends of two pieces are joined. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much should the members in a lap joint overlap?

<p>From 3 to 5 times their thickness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is used to connect two pieces at approximately right angles?

<p>T-joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of weld is described as a single run of weld metal?

<p>Bead weld (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which welding type is filler metal deposited at the corner of intersecting surfaces?

<p>Fillet weld (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of clamping pieces during welding?

<p>To minimize distortion of the materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint joins the edges of two pieces while keeping surface areas parallel?

<p>Edge joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of weld has filler material deposited in a groove formed by edge preparation?

<p>Groove weld (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage of gas welding for thick materials?

<p>Insufficient heat for large sections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of continuous extrusion?

<p>It produces products in an annealed condition directly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which materials can be extruded using the continuous extrusion process?

<p>Polymeric materials and fibre reinforced plastics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In helical extrusion, how is the copper billet initially formed?

<p>By a conical punch driven into the billet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of explosive extrusion?

<p>It allows for very large reductions in cross-section. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the swarf produced during helical extrusion?

<p>It is trapped and forced out as wire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about continuous extrusion is incorrect?

<p>It is exclusively for processing copper alloys. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is specifically designed for enhancing the concentricity and surface quality of tubes?

<p>Three-Roll Piercing Machine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the Mannesmann process and hot cupping techniques?

<p>Insufficient wall reduction and elongation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During explosive extrusion, what initiates the process?

<p>An explosive is detonated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Assel Elongator method, what design feature do the rolls have?

<p>Conical and inclined to tube axis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the compression disk play in explosive extrusion?

<p>It transmits pressure shock waves to the billet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is explicitly limited to non-ferrous metals?

<p>Continuous extrusion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Pilger rolling mill change the dimensions of the pass during operation?

<p>Through a continuous change in pass groove profiles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method mentioned for hot reduction of hollow shells?

<p>Suction Process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the mandrel in the Pilger rolling process?

<p>Support the shell during reduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is characterized by its use of three driven rolls for hollow shells?

<p>Assel Elongator (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of the Pilger rolling mill's operation?

<p>It has an idle pass with changing dimensions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using a three-roll piercing mill over traditional methods?

<p>Smoother surface finish and improved concentricity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the dimensions of the pass in the Pilger process when the shell is being fed in?

<p>They are gradually decreased (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pressure regulator on gas cylinders?

<p>To reduce cylinder pressure to a safe working value (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the oxygen and acetylene cylinders differentiated in terms of threading?

<p>Oxygen cylinders have right-hand threads, acetylene cylinders have left-hand threads. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of the gas welding system is responsible for delivering the mixed gas to the nozzle?

<p>Blow pipe or welding torch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the graduated adjusting screw important in the pressure regulation process?

<p>It regulates the pressure by adjusting the compression of the spring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the control valves on the blowpipe serve?

<p>They control the flow of each gas entering the mixing chamber. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using electric resistance welding in tube production?

<p>It is the most widely used process for tube production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electric welding method is specifically mentioned as suitable for thick-walled tubes?

<p>Submerged arc welding (SAW) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical step that follows the hot piercing method in tube production?

<p>Hot drawing the formed shell through annular dies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a cutter tool after the welding process?

<p>To remove external and internal flashes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the hot drawing process affect the dimensions of the tube being produced?

<p>Increases length and decreases diameter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which types of materials is argon-arc welding primarily used?

<p>High-alloy austenitic steel and non-ferrous metals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the plunger play during the hot piercing process in tube manufacturing?

<p>It pierces and displaces plastic metal to form a shell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for the widespread use of welding in construction?

<p>It offers great latitude in design planning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of welded joints compared to riveted joints?

<p>Welded joints can weaken the overall structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable drawback of welded joints?

<p>They have poor fatigue resistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is welding crucial in automotive and aviation industries?

<p>It enables lightweight fabrication methods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which challenge can significantly affect the quality of welded joints?

<p>Excessive heat input. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of welded joints contributes to their strong performance under static loading?

<p>Tightness of welds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is welding particularly advantageous regarding broken parts?

<p>When re-investment costs must be minimized. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor in the choice of welding over casting in modern manufacturing?

<p>Welding enables better utilization of materials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the future prospects of metals in fabrication?

<p>Their ability to be welded. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which welding process involves heating parts to a molten state without applying pressure?

<p>Thermit Fusion welding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which welding classification is no filler metal used at the joint interface?

<p>Autogeneous welding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes heterogeneous welding compared to other types?

<p>The filler metal is different from the parent metal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which welding process typically requires a longer preheating period?

<p>Gas welding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is classified as a pressure process?

<p>Thermit Pressure welding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of gas welding regarding the crystalline structure of the metal?

<p>It raises adjacent metal temperatures unfavorably (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition guideline for filler metal in homogeneous welding processes?

<p>It should be of the same composition as the base metal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about welding processes is most accurate?

<p>Forge welding is a pressure process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following welding processes is NOT typically classified under fusion welding?

<p>Electric Resistance welding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to the joint zone in electric arc welding?

<p>It melts instantly due to high temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of welding compared to riveting in terms of labor efficiency?

<p>Welding is a less complicated and more productive job than riveting. (B), Welding eliminates the need for marking, drilling, and punching holes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the weight comparison between welds and rivets?

<p>The weight of welds can account for 1 to 1.5% of total work weight compared to rivets at 3.5% to 4%. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted disadvantage of welding in comparison to casting?

<p>Not all metals can be satisfactorily welded. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does welding provide a significant material advantage over casting?

<p>Welding leads to greater strength than typically found in cast components. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of welding involves the use of pressure gas for heating the metals?

<p>Chemical welding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary characteristics that makes welding preferable over casting?

<p>Welding processes can often be automated, increasing productivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options correctly highlights welding's environmental advantage?

<p>Welding joints can be made airtight, preventing leaks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor when deciding if parts should be welded rather than cast?

<p>The design limitations and economic considerations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which welding process utilizes electricity to generate heat for the welding operation?

<p>Electric-Arc welding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the dimensional properties of welded parts versus cast parts?

<p>The wall thickness of welded parts is usually less than that of cast parts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is cold extrusion?

A manufacturing process where a blank is pressed through a die to create a tube or other shape. This process is usually used to manufacture parts with a small diameter and thin walls.

What is Impact Extrusion?

A method of cold extrusion where a punch impacts the blank, pushing it through the die. It's known for speed and producing seamless tubes.

How fast is the punch in Impact Extrusion?

The speed of the punch in the impact extrusion process, typically ranging from 100 to 350 millimeters per second.

What is Hydrostatic Extrusion?

A method of cold extrusion where a high-pressure liquid is used to transmit force to the blank. This allows for the extrusion of even brittle materials.

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How does hydrostatic extrusion affect material ductility?

The use of a high-pressure liquid in hydrostatic extrusion leads to increased ductility of the material. This means the material can be stretched further without breaking.

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What are the benefits of hydrostatic extrusion?

Hydrostatic extrusion offers advantages such as improved surface finish and dimensional accuracy. This is due to the absence of friction between the container and the blank.

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What is a potential drawback of hydrostatic extrusion?

Despite the advantages, hydrostatic extrusion can lead to internal cracks due to the reduced friction between the die and the blank.

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What is the low-pressure acetylene welding system?

Acetylene is produced at the welding site by reacting calcium carbide with water. This generates heat, and the acetylene is stored in a gas holder, cleaned via a purifier, and supplied to the blowpipe at a low pressure.

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Why is a back pressure valve needed in the low-pressure system?

A back pressure valve is used in low-pressure acetylene systems to prevent oxygen or air from flowing back into the generator, which could cause an explosion.

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What is the pressure of acetylene at the torch in a low-pressure system?

The typical pressure of acetylene at the welding torch in a low-pressure system is up to 0.06 bar.

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What is the maximum recommended pressure for acetylene from a cylinder?

The recommended maximum pressure for supplying acetylene from a cylinder through rubber hose is 1 bar.

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What is the pressure range of acetylene at the torch in the high-pressure system?

In the high-pressure system, the pressure of acetylene at the torch is 0.06 to 1.0 bar.

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Continuous Extrusion

A manufacturing process where material is continuously pushed through a die to form a desired shape. It's like squeezing toothpaste out of a tube, but on a much larger scale.

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Helical Extrusion

A special extrusion method where a rotating tool cuts the material in a helical path, producing a wire or tube. The process is efficient and allows for significant reduction in material size.

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Explosive Extrusion

A rapid extrusion process where an explosion generates the force to push the material through a die. This method is useful for quickly producing large quantities of products.

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Annealing in Continuous Extrusion

In continuous extrusion, the heat generated by friction during the process can soften the material. This means that no additional heat treatment is needed after extrusion.

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Force Reduction in Helical Extrusion

Helical extrusion is a very efficient process because only a small amount of material is deformed at any given time. This reduces the force needed and allows for larger reductions in material size.

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Pressure Shock Wave in Explosive Extrusion

In explosive extrusion, the force of the explosion creates a pressure shock wave. This wave helps to transmit the force efficiently to the material being extruded.

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Die's Role in Continuous Extrusion

The material being extruded in continuous extrusion flows through a die, which determines the final shape of the product. The die essentially acts as a mold.

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Swarf Utilization in Helical Extrusion

During helical extrusion, the swarf, which is the material removed by the cutting tool, is not wasted. Instead, it is collected and forced out of an orifice to form a wire.

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Pressure-transmitting Medium in Explosive Extrusion

Explosive extrusion often uses a pressure-transmitting medium, such as air, to help transfer the force from the explosion to the billet being extruded.

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Gas welding

The process of joining two pieces of metal by melting and fusing them together using a welding torch and filler metal.

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Arc welding

A welding process where an electric arc is used to melt and fuse metal pieces together.

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Butt joint

A joint where the ends of two pieces are placed together and then welded.

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Lap joint

A joint where two pieces of metal overlap and are welded together.

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T-joint

A joint where two pieces of metal are joined at a 90-degree angle, forming a 'T' shape.

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Corner joint

A joint where two pieces of metal are joined at a 90-degree angle, only the edges are welded.

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Edge joint

A joint where two pieces of metal are joined with their surfaces parallel, only the edges are welded.

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Bead weld

A weld where filler metal is deposited in a single continuous line.

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Fillet weld

A weld where filler metal is deposited in a triangular shape at the corner of two intersecting surfaces.

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Groove weld

A weld where filler metal is deposited in a groove prepared on the edges of the pieces being joined.

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What is hot drawing?

A method for making hollows, particularly those with a large wall reduction and elongation, where a blank is drawn through a die using a mandrel.

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What is the Assel Elongator?

A technique for hollow production using conical rolls that are inclined towards the tube axis, enabling both diameter and wall thickness reduction, used for large hollow shells.

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What are Three-Roll Piercing Machines?

A rolling mill with three rollers, developed from the Assel Elongator, used for creating hollow shells with smoother surfaces and greater concentricity.

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What is Pilgering?

A process for hot reducing both the diameter and wall thickness of thick-walled shells, utilizing two rolls with varying pass grooves that continuously change the dimensions of the pass.

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What is 'Idle Pass' in Pilgering?

A moment in the Pilgering process where the shell is fed into the gap between the rolls, with the dimension of the pass being larger than the shell's outer diameter.

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How does the Pilgering pass change?

The gradual reduction in the dimensions of the pass during the Pilgering process, caused by the varying form of the pass grooves as the rolls rotate.

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What is a mandrel in Pilgering?

A rod or bar inserted into the hollow during Pilgering, used to support the inside of the shell and maintain its shape during the drawing process.

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What is 'feed' in Pilgering?

The amount of material that is fed into the Pilgering process at each rotation of the rolls, impacting the rate of reduction.

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How are hollow shells hot reduced?

The method of making hollow shells, where a pre-existing hollow shell is drawn through a die to reduce its diameter and wall thickness.

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How does a Plug Rolling Mill work?

A method for producing hollow shells using a plug rolling mill that utilizes a cylindrical plug to reduce the diameter and wall thickness of the shell.

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What is arc welding?

A welding process where an electric arc is used to melt and fuse metal pieces together.

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What is hot drawing and cupping?

A method for making seamless cylinders and tubes where a heated billet or bloom is first pierced on a vertical hydraulic press, then hot-drawn through a series of dies to reduce its diameter and increase its length.

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What is gas welding?

The process of joining two pieces of metal by melting and fusing them together using a welding torch and filler metal.

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What is a butt joint?

A type of welding where the ends of two pieces are placed together and then welded.

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What is a lap joint?

A joint where two pieces of metal overlap and are welded together.

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What is a T-joint?

A type of joint where two pieces of metal are joined at a 90-degree angle, forming a 'T' shape.

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What is a bead weld?

A weld where filler metal is deposited in a single continuous line.

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Welding

Joining metal parts by melting and fusing them together, often using filler metal.

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Material Savings in Welding

A significant advantage of welding, reducing the amount of material needed and simplifying production processes.

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Design Flexibility with Welding

A benefit of welding that allows for intricate designs and complex structures.

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Welding for Repair

An essential advantage of welding that enables the repair of damaged metal parts, reducing replacement costs.

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Lightweight Fabrication with Welding

A key benefit of welding in industries like automotive and aerospace, where lightweight fabrication is crucial.

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Weld Joint Strength

Welded joints are strong under static loading, but weaker under repeated stress due to stress concentration and defects.

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Thread Direction in Gas Cylinders

A safety precaution used in high pressure gas welding equipment. Oxygen cylinders have right-hand (R.H.) threads and acetylene cylinders have left-hand (L.H.) threads. This ensures that the gases are not accidentally mixed, which could be dangerous.

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Pressure Regulator

A device used in high pressure gas welding to reduce the high pressure of the gas from the cylinder to a suitable working pressure for the welding torch.

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Blowpipe

A part of the high pressure gas welding equipment that mixes the gases in the correct proportion and delivers the mixture to the nozzle.

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Nozzle

The part of the blowpipe where the mixed gases are burned. The size of the nozzle determines the size and intensity of the welding flame.

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Mixing Chamber

The chamber inside the blowpipe where oxygen and acetylene are mixed before being burned.

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Pressure Welding

A welding process where two pieces of metal are joined by heating them to a plastic state and then applying pressure. This creates a joint by deforming the metal at the interface.

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Fusion Welding

A welding process where the metal at the joint is melted to a liquid state, allowing it to solidify and form a joint. Filler metal may be added to fill the gap between the parts.

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Autogeneous Welding

Welding methods that do not require the addition of filler metal to join the parts.

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Homogeneous Welding

Welding methods where filler metal of the same type as the parent metal is used.

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Hetrogeneous Welding

Welding methods where filler metal of a different type than the parent metal is used.

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Study Notes

General Welding Information

  • Welding is a localized coalescence of metals.
  • Heat is used to fuse the metals, possibly with filler metal.
  • The weldment is as strong as the parent metal.

Extrusion

  • Extrusion ratio is the ratio of billet to product cross-sectional area.
  • Hot extrusion ratio can be up to 400:1 (aluminum)
  • Hydraulic or mechanical presses are used for extrusion
  • High pressure (400 atm) is common
  • Lubricants reduce friction
  • Extrusion speed varies from 0.5 m/s for light alloys to 4.5 m/s for copper alloys.

Cold Extrusion

  • Cold extrusion is similar to hot extrusion, but no heating is needed.
  • High metal ductility is helpful
  • Used to improve physical properties, size a part.
  • The Hooker method, impact extrusion, and hydrostatic extrusion are common methods.
  • Hooker method uses a punch with a shoulder acting as a mandrel and pushes the metal through.
  • Impact extrusion is fast, uses a powerful punch blow and is used for thin-walled tubes
  • Hydrostatic extrusion uses high pressure liquid to force metal through die.

Advantages of Extrusion

  • Wide variety of extruded objects possible
  • Easily interchangeable dies
  • High dimensional accuracy
  • Improved ductility, especially for metals that do not deform easily
  • High reduction ratios are possible
  • Quicker automation, single passing
  • Creating smaller parts in large quantity
  • Stronger and lighter than other production methods like castings

Disadvantages of Extrusion

  • Higher waste percentage than other forms of shaping
  • More inhomogeneous structure than other methods due to different flows
  • Short tooling life due to high stresses from operation
  • High tooling costs
  • Low productivity compared to methods like rolling
  • Only constant cross-sectioned products are possible

Other Extrusion Processes

  • Side Extrusion (Lateral Extrusion) involves material flow perpendicular to ram motion
  • Continuous Extrusion - continuous feedstock and pressure applied to the back to create a continuous product
  • Conform process - continuous feedstock in a rod form.

Pipe and Tube Manufacturing

  • Pipes and tubes can be seamless or with seams.
  • Seamless tubes are made by extrusion and piercing
  • Continuous seam welding is used for pipes.
  • Piercing Method creates thick-walled shells in a rolling mill
  • Rolling of the shell into the desired pipe shape

Welding Process

  • General Definition: Localized coalescence of metals using heat, possibly filler material, and pressure
  • Welding Applications: Wide variety of applications across industries (structural steel, pressure vessels, pipelines, and automobiles) for fabrication and repair of metal components, including machinery frames, parts, and fixing panels.
  • Welding Advantages: Economical, reliable, high adaptability to shapes and sizes, repair of defective metals.
  • Welding Disadvantages: Less readily machinable compared to castings, and issues of weld defects like cracks, inclusions, porosity.

Classification of Welding Processes

  • Pressure Processes (e.g., forge welding, thermit welding, pressure gas welding, electric resistance welding)
  • Fusion Processes (e.g., gas welding, electric arc welding, thermit fusion welding)
  • Autogenous welding does not use filler material.
  • Homogeneous welding means filler metal is the same as the parent metal.
  • Heterogeneous welding means filler metal is different. Brazing and Soldering are examples, however not strictly welding processes as per some definition

Other Welding Processes

  • Gas Welding: Uses a gas flame to melt the metal and filler material if used for joining
  • Electric Arc Welding: Uses an electric arc to melt the metal and filler metal for joining
  • Thermit Welding: Uses a chemical reaction to melt metal and filler material together, high temperature and possible for thick pieces
  • Continuous Furnace Butt-Welding; process uses to manufacture water and gas pipes.
  • Electric Resistance Welding: Uses heat from resistance to electrical current in order to create a weld (spot welding is a type of resistance welding)
  • Induction Welding: Heat developed by resistance to the induced electric current is used. Suitable for low conductivity materials
  • Friction Welding: Heat is generated from rubbing metallic parts together, and these parts are then pressed together under force to create a weld.
  • Ultrasonic Welding: Ultra sonic vibrations cause welding to occur based on the use of high frequency vibrations to produce heat without the use of filler metal
  • Explosive Welding: Explosives are used to cause heat and pressure in order to weld materials together
  • Flow Welding: Adds molten filler metal to the joint
  • Cold Welding: Uses pressure without heat
  • Plasma Arc Welding: Used for welding materials that have high refractory properties, or for high-precision work,
  • Stud Welding: Arc welding is used to create welds in studs (fasteners)

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Test your knowledge on gas welding systems and hydrostatic extrusion processes. This quiz covers recommended pressure ranges for acetylene and oxygen, functions of equipment, and characteristics of materials in extrusion. Understand the advantages and drawbacks of various extrusion methods.

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