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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of ceramic coatings in gas turbine engines?
What is the primary function of ceramic coatings in gas turbine engines?
Which materials are commonly used for the N1 drive shaft in gas turbine engines?
Which materials are commonly used for the N1 drive shaft in gas turbine engines?
What is a key feature of the PW 4000 engine as described in the content?
What is a key feature of the PW 4000 engine as described in the content?
Which of the following components is NOT made from steel alloys?
Which of the following components is NOT made from steel alloys?
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What is a common use of steel alloys in gas turbine engines?
What is a common use of steel alloys in gas turbine engines?
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What is depicted in Figure 4?
What is depicted in Figure 4?
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Which figure shows the main tasks of jet engines?
Which figure shows the main tasks of jet engines?
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Which of the following figures contains information about the Brayton cycle?
Which of the following figures contains information about the Brayton cycle?
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What topic is covered in Figure 7?
What topic is covered in Figure 7?
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Which figure addresses environmental effects on thrust?
Which figure addresses environmental effects on thrust?
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Which environmental parameter does NOT affect the thrust of a jet engine?
Which environmental parameter does NOT affect the thrust of a jet engine?
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What legal requirements apply under copyright and criminal law?
What legal requirements apply under copyright and criminal law?
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Which factor significantly affects the mass airflow in a jet engine?
Which factor significantly affects the mass airflow in a jet engine?
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What does the date in the 'Revision' column indicate?
What does the date in the 'Revision' column indicate?
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How is density defined in the context of jet engines?
How is density defined in the context of jet engines?
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What is the effect of lower air density on jet engine thrust?
What is the effect of lower air density on jet engine thrust?
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What is the purpose of the date and author's ID on individual pages?
What is the purpose of the date and author's ID on individual pages?
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Which unit is NOT used to measure density?
Which unit is NOT used to measure density?
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Where is Lufthansa Technical Training based?
Where is Lufthansa Technical Training based?
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What primarily determines the number of molecules in a given air volume?
What primarily determines the number of molecules in a given air volume?
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What does the LTT production process ensure regarding the Training Manual?
What does the LTT production process ensure regarding the Training Manual?
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If the operating altitude increases, what is the expected impact on thrust?
If the operating altitude increases, what is the expected impact on thrust?
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What is the telephone number for Lufthansa Technical Training?
What is the telephone number for Lufthansa Technical Training?
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Which form of communication does Lufthansa Technical Training NOT provide?
Which form of communication does Lufthansa Technical Training NOT provide?
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Which combination of variables primarily affects thrust in a jet engine?
Which combination of variables primarily affects thrust in a jet engine?
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What is the fax number for Lufthansa Technical Training?
What is the fax number for Lufthansa Technical Training?
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What is the primary purpose of a turbojet engine?
What is the primary purpose of a turbojet engine?
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Why are turbojet engines considered not very efficient?
Why are turbojet engines considered not very efficient?
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What characteristic is typical of turbojet engines compared to other types?
What characteristic is typical of turbojet engines compared to other types?
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How do most modern engines improve over turbojet engines?
How do most modern engines improve over turbojet engines?
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What is a common drawback associated with turbojet engines?
What is a common drawback associated with turbojet engines?
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What aspect of turbojet engines primarily drives their design?
What aspect of turbojet engines primarily drives their design?
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In turbojet engines, what happens to the gas energy that is not utilized for the compressor?
In turbojet engines, what happens to the gas energy that is not utilized for the compressor?
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Which of the following engine types is designed specifically for high velocity gases?
Which of the following engine types is designed specifically for high velocity gases?
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What material is primarily used for gearbox housings in a gas turbine engine?
What material is primarily used for gearbox housings in a gas turbine engine?
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Which component is NOT mentioned as primarily using composite materials?
Which component is NOT mentioned as primarily using composite materials?
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In a gas turbine engine, what does the high-pressure turbine do?
In a gas turbine engine, what does the high-pressure turbine do?
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Which part of the gas turbine engine is typically associated with high pressure?
Which part of the gas turbine engine is typically associated with high pressure?
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What is the role of the diffuser case in a gas turbine engine?
What is the role of the diffuser case in a gas turbine engine?
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What type of materials are primarily used for the fan module in gas turbine engines?
What type of materials are primarily used for the fan module in gas turbine engines?
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Which component is involved in both high-pressure and low-pressure operations in a gas turbine engine?
Which component is involved in both high-pressure and low-pressure operations in a gas turbine engine?
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What function does the low pressure turbine primarily serve?
What function does the low pressure turbine primarily serve?
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Study Notes
Fundamentals of Gas Turbine Engines
- EASA Part-66 CAT A document
- Revision ID: 1SEP2014
- Author: For Training Purposes Only
- Release Date: September 19, 2014
Training Manual Information
- Copyright is held by Lufthansa Technical Training (LTT)
- Any use outside of training is prohibited (including copying and reproduction)
- Permission is required for reproduction from LTT.
Gas Turbine Engine Fundamentals
- Controlled flight over long distances is only possible with a suitable aircraft engine
- The engine creates necessary movement for the aircraft
- The engine also provides hydraulic power, electric power and bleed air for the pneumatic system.
Introduction to Aircraft Engines
- Two main engine types exist: Piston type engines and gas turbine engines
- The first airplanes were powered by piston engines that turned a propeller
- Piston engines are simpler in design and are more fuel efficient than gas turbine engines
- Piston engines are not as efficient at high altitudes.
- Piston engines are smaller than gas turbine engines.
Types of Gas Turbine Engines
- Turbojet engines were the first type of gas turbine engines used on aircraft.
- Turbojet engines are loud and need a lot of fuel due to high exhaust velocities.
- Turbofan engines were developed from turbojet engines to be quieter and more fuel efficient
- Turboprop engines are specially designed to produce shaft horsepower (used to drive a propeller)
- Auxiliary power units (APUs) are small gas turbines for electric and pneumatic power for aircraft
Newton's Laws of Motion
- All aircraft engines work on the same principle, to create force necessary to move the aircraft
- Jet propulsion is the propelling force created in the opposite direction of the airflow through a jet nozzle
- The reaction engine uses Newton's third law of motion (for every force there is an equal and opposite reaction)
Acceleration and Work
- Acceleration is created when a body of mass is accelerated
- The force formula relating mass and acceleration is: Force = Mass × Acceleration (F=m×a)
- There's an increase in the airflow pressure which results from the higher velocity of the air
Brayton Cycle
- Brayton Cycle is a series of changes in the state of gas in thermodynamic cycles commonly used for converting heat into mechanical work
- The Brayton Cycle is a thermodynamic cycle of a Turbojet engine.
- Curve (0-3) in the graph represents isentropic compression process
- Compression of airflow decreases the volume and increases the temperature
- Curve (3-4) represents isobaric heat addition
- Curve (4-0) is the isentropic expansion process through which gases are expanded to atmospheric pressure
Energy and Velocity
- Thrust is generated due to airflow acceleration, and not pushing against the atmosphere.
- The magnitude of thrust changes as a result of outlet velocity alterations in a jet nozzle.
Environmental Effects on Thrust
- The thrust is impacted by four main environmental factors : ambient air pressure, air temperature, altitude and aircraft speed.
- Changes in the air pressure and temperature impact air density which, in turn, affects the thrust.
- Increasing altitude leads to decreasing air pressure.
- Lower air density creates lower thrust because of less mass and vice-versa
Thrust of Turbojet, Turboprop and Turbofan Engines
- The various gas turbine types exert thrust by accelerating different amounts of air at different velocities, and different amounts of energy into torque
- Turbo-Jet engines are designed for high-velocity gases; The remainder of the gas energy goes towards thrust
- Turbo-prop engines change a majority of the energy into rotary motion via a propeller
- Turbo-fan engines combine the advantages of turbojet and turboprop, with a fan that drives a large quantity of air at a low velocity, and an additional core engine that accelerates air at a high velocity.
Constructional Arrangement
- Modern aircraft use modular construction compared to the non-modular engines from earlier years, which were comprised of many individual, and interdependent, parts.
- Modular engines are a set of separate modules that are easily removed and replaced
- The construction process for modular engines is better and has advantages to both the manufacturer and the operator
Engine Materials
- Typical materials used in modern jet engines include aluminum alloys, ceramics, composites, cobalt-base alloys, nickel-base alloys, corrosion-resistant steels, and titanium alloys.
- These materials are chosen for their strength, lightweight properties and cost-effectiveness
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Description
Explore the essential principles of gas turbine engines as outlined in the EASA Part-66 CAT A document. This quiz covers the basic functions of aircraft engines, including the role of gas turbines in modern aviation. Assess your understanding of the dynamics that enable controlled flight.
