Gas Laws Quiz: Boyle's, Charles' and Gay Lussac's Laws

Study Notes

Gas Laws

Standard temperature is measured in Kelvin (K) and standard pressure is 1 atm, 760 mmHg or torr, 76 cmHg, 1.01325 x 10^6 dynes/cm^2, 1.01325 x 10^5 Pa or N/m^2, or 1.01325 bar.
Boyle's Law states that at constant temperature, an increase in pressure results in a decrease in volume, and they are inversely related (P1V1 = P2V2).
Charles' Law states that at constant pressure, an increase in temperature results in an increase in volume, and they are directly related (T1/V1 = T2/V2).

Avogadro's Law and the Combined Gas Law

Avogadro's Law states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain an equal number of molecules (V1/n1 = V2/n2).
The Combined Gas Law is derived from Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Avogadro's Law (P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2).
The Ideal Gas Law is PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin.

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas (Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ...).
The partial pressure of a gas is equal to the mole fraction of the gas multiplied by the total pressure (PA = XA * Ptotal).

Clausius Clapeyron Equation

The Clausius Clapeyron Equation is used to calculate the vapor pressure of a substance at a given temperature, and is given by log(P2/P1) = ΔHv / (2.303RT1T2).

Intermolecular Forces

Van der Waals forces include dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and induced dipole-induced dipole forces.
Ion-induced dipole forces occur between ions and non-polar molecules.
Hydrogen bonding occurs between hydrogen atoms and electronegative atoms such as N, O, and F.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

The Kinetic Molecular Theory states that gases are composed of small particles called atoms, which exhibit continuous random motion and do not attract or repel each other.
The theory also states that the total volume of the particles is negligible compared to the space they occupy, and that gases exhibit perfect elasticity.

Rheology

Rheology is the study of the flow and deformation of materials.
Absolute viscosity (η) is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, and is measured in poise (ρ) or dynes-s/cm^2.
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of absolute viscosity to density, and is measured in stokes.
Relative viscosity is the ratio of the absolute viscosity of a fluid to the absolute viscosity of a reference fluid.

Factors Affecting Viscosity

The viscosity of a gas increases with temperature, while the viscosity of a liquid decreases with temperature.
The viscosity of a liquid decreases with molecular weight, and increases with the addition of electrolytes or organic substances.

Newton's Law of Flow

Newton's Law of Flow states that the shear stress required to produce a certain rate of shear is proportional to the viscosity of the fluid (F = η * G).

Types of Flow

Pseudoplastic flow is characterized by shear thinning behavior, and is exhibited by polymers in solution.
Dilatant flow is characterized by shear thickening behavior, and is associated with particles that do not tend to aggregate or stick together.

Description

This quiz covers the basic concepts of Boyle's Law (pressure and volume relationship at constant temperature), Charles' Law (temperature and volume relationship at constant pressure), and Gay Lussac's Law (pressure and temperature relationship at constant volume). Test your understanding of these gas laws and their applications.