Gas Diffusion and Evaporation Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the relationship between partial pressure and gas diffusion?

Partial pressure has no effect on the diffusion rate of gases.

Gases do not diffuse based on partial pressure differences, only on differences in temperature.

Gases diffuse from regions of low partial pressure to regions of high partial pressure.

Gases diffuse in net fashion from regions of high partial pressure to regions of low partial pressure. (correct)

Which of the following conditions would lead to net evaporation of water from a body fluid?

The partial pressure of water in the solution is equal to the partial pressure of water in the atmosphere.

The partial pressure of other gases in the solution exceeds the partial pressure of water in the solution.

The partial pressure of water in the atmosphere exceeds the partial pressure of water in the solution.

The partial pressure of water in the solution exceeds the partial pressure of water in the atmosphere. (correct)

What is water vapor?

Water in a gaseous state, similar to other gases. (correct)

A liquid with special properties that evaporates at room temperature.

A phase of water only existing under extremely high pressure.

A compound with several different phases of matter and different partial pressures.

What happens to the rate of evaporation, as given in the text, when the difference in partial pressure between a solution and the atmosphere increases?

The rate of evaporation increases. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the process of evaporation, what does the text suggest is the primary factor determining the net movement of water?

The difference in partial pressures of water vapor. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The analysis of evaporation relies on a concept also used in the analysis of gas diffusion. What is this concept?

Partial pressure (C) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, if a body fluid is in contact with the atmosphere, what determines whether net evaporation occurs?

The relationship between the partial pressure of water in the fluid and the atmosphere. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the behavior of gases in the context of partial pressures?

Gases move from regions of high partial pressure to regions of low partial pressure. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for air that has reached its maximum capacity to hold water vapor?

Saturated (D) Signup and view all the answers

If air becomes saturated with water vapor and more vapor is introduced, what will likely occur?

The excess vapor will condense to form liquid water. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in air temperature affect the saturation water vapor pressure?

It increases the saturation water vapor pressure. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Compared to a human exhaling air at over 30°C, what is the likely temperature of a toad exhaling air?

Significantly lower, around 20°C. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the water vapor pressure of an aqueous solution exceeds the water vapor pressure of the adjacent air?

Water evaporates from the solution into the air. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what is the relationship between the rate of evaporation (J), the water vapor pressure of a solution (WVPs), and the water vapor pressure of air (WVPa)?

$J = K \times (WVPs - WVPa)$ (B) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does accumulated salt have on the water vapor pressure of sweat?

It reduces the water vapor pressure, impairing evaporation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the direct consequence of water's ability to exist as a liquid under ordinary atmospheric conditions?

The saturation of air with water vapor. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of kidneys?

To regulate blood plasma composition by filtering and removing specific substances. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does a U/P ratio greater than 1 indicate?

The urine is hyperosmotic to the plasma. (D) Signup and view all the answers

If a freshwater fish takes in water by osmosis, how does it attempt to restore its original plasma osmotic pressure?

By producing more dilute urine. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of taking a conceptual approach to kidney function, according to the text?

It allows understanding of the kidney and other organs that regulate blood composition. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of salt glands in certain animals?

They are important in blood composition regulation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hyposmotic' mean in the context of urine compared to plasma?

The urine has a lower solute concentration than the plasma. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a 'fluid-processing' organ?

The kidneys, as they transform blood plasma to urine. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range of the osmotic U/P ratio in humans?

Between 0.1 and 4. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary role of kidneys in osmotic regulation?

To decrease blood plasma osmotic pressure by producing hyposmotic urine. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between urine concentration and water availability in terrestrial animals?

Terrestrial animals have a greater capacity to produce hyperosmotic urine when faced with dehydration risks. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do the kidneys contribute to volume regulation in animals?

By adjusting the amount of water voided to match the body's needs. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is the urine of marine teleost fish different from their blood plasma?

It is isosmotic to their blood plasma but has higher concentrations of certain ions. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of urine production in marine teleost fish?

To assist in regulating internal ion concentrations. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What condition would stimulate kidneys to produce more urine in humans?

Drinking excessive amounts of water. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which animal group is most capable of producing highly concentrated urine in general?

Terrestrial mammals, birds, and insects. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do U/P ratios greater than 1 for magnesium, sulfate and calcium indicate in marine teleost fish urine?

The urine is excreting large amounts of these ions compared to plasma. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a urine to plasma (U/P) osmotic ratio of less than 1?

The urine is hyposmotic relative to the plasma. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following situations would necessitate a kidney to produce urine that is more concentrated than the plasma?

When the plasma osmotic pressure is abnormally high. (C) Signup and view all the answers

If the sodium U/P ratio is greater than 1, what is the effect on the plasma sodium concentration?

The plasma sodium concentration will decrease. (B) Signup and view all the answers

If an animal's kidneys are producing hyposmotic urine, what could this indicate about their plasma?

The plasma has become too dilute. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the sodium U/P ratio in a situation where a kidney is trying to retain sodium?

The ratio will be less than 1. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of producing urine that is more concentrated than the plasma?

To preferentially void solutes and decrease plasma solute concentration. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'solutes' refer to in the context of osmotic regulation?

Total numbers of osmotically effective dissolved entities. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to this text, which of the following is true regarding ionic and osmotic regulation by a kidney?

The kidneys can play a role in ionic regulation even when not directly playing a role in osmotic regulation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why can drinking seawater lead to dehydration in humans?

Because humans' kidneys cannot produce urine with a higher salt concentration than seawater. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about relative humidity?

It tends to be higher at night, and higher below ground than above ground. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do some animals that consume air-dried food increase their water intake?

By feeding at night or storing food in burrows. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why can protein-rich foods be considered dehydrating for terrestrial animals?

Their catabolism produces nitrogenous wastes that must be excreted in solution. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary difference between the metabolism of carbohydrates/lipids and proteins, in terms of water balance?

Proteins produce nitrogenous wastes, resulting in water loss though urine; carbohydrates/lipids do not. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal nitrogenous waste product in mammals, and what is its impact on water balance?

Urea; requires water for its excretion through urine. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why do some plants, especially desert plants, present a challenge for herbivores?

They have very salty tissue fluids. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What determines the amount of urinary water required to excrete urea in mammals?

The urea-concentrating ability of an animal’s kidneys. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen affinity of respiratory pigments is critical for function
Higher O₂ affinity in pigments receiving O₂ than donating it
Species adapted to low O₂ environments often have pigments with high O₂ affinities
Respiratory pigment physiology can acclimate (change amounts, synthesis of new forms, or modulation of existing forms)

Carbon Dioxide Transport

Carbon dioxide dissolves in blood (CO₂ molecules), but a small percentage is in this form (about 5% in arterial blood)
Discussing other chemical forms of carbon dioxide is essential for understanding how it's transported
"Carbon dioxide" refers to a sum total of material in all chemical forms. Specific chemical forms are specified (CO₂, etc.).
Dissolving CO₂ in aqueous solutions creates carbonic acid (H₂CO₃)
Carbonic acid dissociates into a proton (H⁺) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)
Bicarbonate can further dissociate to carbonate (CO₃²⁻) and another proton, but this is a minor reaction
CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ (simplified reaction)
Bicarbonate formation depends on blood buffers
Little bicarbonate forms in distilled water or simple salt solutions, but it's the dominant form in animal blood
Bicarbonate formation is governed by the action of blood buffers
Equation 24.6 [HCO₃⁻][H⁺]/[CO₂] = K. [CO₂] is constant; [HCO₃⁻] depends inversely on [H⁺] (a lower [H⁺] results in higher [HCO₃⁻]).
CO₂ uptake is proportional to the CO₂ partial pressure
Buffers prevent a large increase in [H⁺] which would limit CO₂ uptake and HCO₃⁻ formation
A buffer reaction involves HX ⇌ H⁺ + X⁻. Buffers stabilize [H⁺]

Blood Buffers

Buffers remove free H⁺ ions
Ineffective buffers cause a rapid increase in [H⁺] and limit CO₂ uptake.
Effective buffers keep [H⁺] low, enabling more CO₂ uptake and HCO₃⁻ buildup

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Description

Test your understanding of the principles of gas diffusion and evaporation. This quiz covers topics such as partial pressure, water vapor, and the factors influencing evaporation rates. Ideal for students studying chemistry or environmental science.