Garrison Frazier's Freedom and Land Reforms

Owning land was a key component of freedom for African Americans, as articulated by Garrison Frazier during his conversation with General Sherman and Secretary of War Stanton.

Set aside land for black families' settlement in forty-acre plots, as established by General Sherman's Special Field Order 15.

Assigned land for the settlement of emancipated black families.

Emancipated slaves moved around, sought relatives, and rejected traditional deferential behaviors.

Emancipation led to the adoption of nineteenth-century gender roles within black families.

Methodist and Baptist churches gained significant followings among African Americans after the Civil War.

Howard University is a historically black university located in Washington, D.C.

The black church became a crucial part of the lives of African Americans during Reconstruction, often replacing white-controlled institutions.

The establishment of the nation's first African-American colleges was a lasting effect of Reconstruction.

The first African-American colleges were established during Reconstruction.

Landownership was most crucial to African Americans after the Civil War.

Frederick Douglass believed that true abolition would not occur until black men had the right to vote.

Reconstruction amendments gave the federal government authority to enforce civil rights, making it the protector of freedom for all citizens.

Reconstruction amendments aimed to override the Dred Scott ruling.

Reconstruction amendments were significant changes to the Constitution to protect the rights of all Americans (especially African Americans).

Reconstruction amendments shifted responsibility for protecting liberties from states to the federal government.

Plantation owners in the British Caribbean used indentured servants from India and China to replace enslaved labor after slavery was abolished.

Southern cities saw growth spurred by new railroads and commerce during Reconstruction.

Health care and education were the main focuses of the Freedmen's Bureau during Reconstruction.

The Freedmen's Bureau played a crucial role in providing education and health care to newly freed African Americans in the South.

During Reconstruction, most African Americans remained impoverished and without property.

Providing assistance to freed slaves in areas like health and education was the primary job of the Freedmen's Bureau.

The lack of land redistribution left most rural African Americans and many poor whites poor and landless.

Garrison Frazier, a former slave, argued that owning land was essential for African Americans to be truly free after the Civil War. He believed that landownership would provide economic independence and self-determination.

General William T. Sherman's Special Field Order No. 15 promised forty acres of land to be distributed to freed slaves on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia. This was a temporary solution, as President Johnson later returned the land to its original owners, and the promise of 'forty acres and a mule' was ultimately unfulfilled.

Emancipation led to a subtle shift in gender roles within African American families. Traditionally, patriarchal family structures were favored in the South, and this shift led to new roles for men and women.

Howard University is a historically black university established in Washington, D.C. It played a crucial role in providing educational opportunities to African Americans during Reconstruction and beyond.

Reconstruction saw the rise of the first African American colleges. These institutions provided crucial educational opportunities for a community eager to learn, grow, and build a better future.

Frederick Douglass believed that true abolition would not occur until African American men had the right to vote. He recognized that the vote was a powerful tool for securing equal rights and ending discriminatory practices.

These laws passed immediately after the Civil War by Southern states aimed to restrict the rights of African Americans and essentially maintain a system of racial control. They limited economic opportunities, voting rights, and social freedoms.

Reconstruction brought about a shift in the role of the federal government. The Reconstruction amendments pushed for greater federal power to protect the rights of all citizens, transforming the government into a guardian of freedom.

Reconstruction amendments overturned the core principles of the Dred Scott case, which had affirmed slavery and denied citizenship to African Americans.

The majority of Southern white leaders viewed Reconstruction as a threat to their power and way of life. They resisted granting equal rights to African Americans and preferred a system that maintained white dominance.

President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction prioritized presidential pardons for ex-Confederate leaders and emphasized a quick return of the South to its pre-war governance. This approach was widely seen as too lenient and ultimately failed to establish a just and lasting peace.

This faction of Republicans sought to achieve a truly just and lasting peace after the Civil War by promoting equal rights for African Americans, including voting rights. They favored a strong federal government to protect civil rights and ensure equality.

This ground-breaking legislation recognized African Americans as citizens with equal rights under the law. It marked a significant step towards establishing basic freedoms for all Americans but was vetoed by President Johnson before it was passed by Congress.

This amendment to the Constitution extended citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States and guaranteed protection under the law. It also stripped away state power to deny equal protection and due process.

This piece of legislation established new state governments in the South, placing those states under military control and guaranteeing black male suffrage. This was a key element of Radical Reconstruction.

Andrew Johnson faced impeachment charges for allegedly violating the Tenure of Office Act when he fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. It was a political battle fueled by the conflict between Johnson and the Radical Republicans over Reconstruction policies.

This was a term used during Reconstruction to describe a political strategy practiced by the Republican Party. They would remind voters of the Civil War and the Confederacy's attempt to tear the country apart, aiming to discredit their opponents.

This amendment prohibited the denial of voting rights based on race, colour, or previous condition of servitude. It was a crucial step towards securing suffrage for African Americans.

This Supreme Court decision undermined the Fourteenth Amendment, stating that most rights of citizens were primarily under the control of state governments. This decision limited the federal government's ability to protect civil rights.

These were a group of white Southerners who aimed to regain control of their states' governments. They often sought to overturn the gains of Reconstruction by enacting discriminatory policies and practices.

This presidential election was marred by controversy and accusations of fraud in several southern states. It was ultimately decided by a commission that awarded the presidency to Rutherford B. Hayes, ending Reconstruction.

This unofficial agreement secured Hayes' victory in the 1876 election. It involved a deal between Republicans and Democrats that resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction, in exchange for promises of support for Southern economic interests and a return of white Southerners to power.

A term used to describe the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, as it paralleled Reconstruction in its aim to secure equal rights for African Americans against racial discrimination.