Chapter 4 Pt. 1 Militarization
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Questions and Answers

What is Cooper's professional background?

  • He is a social scientist with expertise in community policing
  • He was a Washington, D.C. police officer and is now a JD/PhD at a university in Iceland (correct)
  • He is a military veteran and a law enforcement consultant
  • He has no professional background in law enforcement

    • What approach did Cooper take in his article on the militarization of the police?

  • He conducted field research in various police departments
  • He analyzed historical trends in law enforcement
  • He formulated a hypothesis, collected data, and reached a conclusion
  • He began with an assertion based on an earlier paper by Balko (correct)

    • What did Cooper assert about the relationship between militarization and community policing?

  • Militarization has replaced community policing in many parts of the United States (correct)
  • Community policing has been more effective than militarization in reducing crime rates
  • Militarization has led to enhanced collaboration between police and communities
  • Militarization has had no impact on community policing efforts

    • What was the title of the earlier paper by Balko that Cooper based his assertions on?

    <p>'Overkill: The Rise of Paramilitary Police Raids in America'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average number of SWAT officers per department?

    <p>16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of SWAT teams spent between 8-20 hours per month on training?

    <p>81%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Cooper argue regarding SWAT team uniforms?

    <p>They have not been replaced with camouflage for all patrol officers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Cooper contend about patrol cars?

    <p>&quot;Armored personnel carriers and even tanks&quot; are often used as rescue vehicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of SWAT team training is in-house?

    <p>98%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Cooper claim about police departments creating 'military rule'?

    <p>Police departments have not created 'military rule' and officers are not given automatic weapons or tanks without proper training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Cooper argue about young men joining the police force?

    <p>Young men join the police to prove machismo, which is not supported by evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Cooper, what has the militarization of the police led to?

    <p>Destructive and war mentality among officers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the militarization of police in the early 1900s according to Klockers?

    <p>Establish discipline and remove politicians from day-to-day operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Klein, how has the police occupation been historically characterized?

    <p>As a paramilitary occupation with uniforms, weapons, and a chain of command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Wilson, what are the three styles of policing he identified?

    <p>Service, watchman, and legalistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four types of police roles identified by Broderick?

    <p>Enforcer, idealist, realist, and optimist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Cooper's claim, what have U.S. police departments moved from?

    <p>Community-oriented policing to a military approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the results of Chicago's community policing program CAPS according to Bowean?

    <p>Uneven results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Chicago do in 2012 to address violence according to Gorner?

    <p>Gave a $1 million grant to the anti-violence group Ceasefire to mediate disputes and provide social services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Chicago do in 2013 to build trust in the community according to Levy?

    <p>Assigned 59 new police academy graduates to high-crime districts to build trust in the community and reduce crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Chicago Police Department do in 2013 to address violent crimes according to Bowean?

    <p>Assigned up to 400 officers to small 'impact zones' in an effort to address violent crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the police strategy in the small zones?

    <p>To reduce retaliatory gang shootings through comprehensive analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of each zone in the police strategy?

    <p>About five or six square blocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'heat list' based on?

    <p>Computer analysis of various risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the police strategy have on the homicide rate in 2013?

    <p>It fell by 34 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals on the 'strategic subject list' were linked to homicide or non-fatal shooting victims?

    <p>78 percent and 84 percent respectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the cost of overtime for police services in 2013?

    <p>$103 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of all police departments according to the text?

    <p>Preventive patrol and responding to citizen calls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the number of homicides in Chicago in 2016?

    <p>762</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the number of people shot in Chicago in 2014?

    <p>2,599</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was indicted for murder after a video was released showing an officer shooting a suspect?

    <p>The officer who shot the suspect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many SWAT raids were estimated to occur each year according to Kraska's article?

    <p>45,000 raids each year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method that officers prefer to use to gain compliance from individuals?

    <p>Verbal communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Cooper criticize officers for wearing?

    <p>Mirrored sunglasses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Cooper express concern about regarding officers' courage and physical fitness?

    <p>Officers being replaced by fearful men using non-lethal weapons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are batons primarily used as in police work?

    <p>Impact weapons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is historically one of the limited options for police when dealing with a resistant or threatening individual?

    <p>'Hands on'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as the main purpose of police work in the text?

    <p>Gaining compliance or controlling situations without force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Cooper describe himself as in dangerous neighborhoods?

    <p>A 'street cop'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Cooper criticize officers for potentially being replaced by?

    <p>Fearful men using non-lethal weapons like Tasers and pepper spray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Cooper imply about the use of mirrored sunglasses by officers?

    <p>It may indicate fear but could have various reasons for wearing them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mentioned as a reason for officers wearing mirrored sunglasses in the text?

    <p>Various reasons including practical purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the concerns expressed by Cooper regarding police officers' physical fitness?

    <p>Officers being replaced by fearful men using non-lethal weapons like Tasers and pepper spray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of encounters did NYC patrol officers use force in, according to the text?

    <p>0.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Cooper criticize officers for wearing?

    <p>Mirrored sunglasses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Cooper express concern about regarding officers' use of weapons?

    <p>Courage and physical fitness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are batons according to the text?

    <p>Impact weapons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the historical context of officers' options when dealing with a resistant or threatening individual?

    <p>'Hands on,' use a baton, or pull a gun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the preference of officers when dealing with individuals?

    <p>Verbal manipulation to comply with orders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Cooper's professional background according to the text?

    <p>A former officer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for wearing sunglasses as per the text?

    <p>Various reasons including protection from sun glare and dust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the use of firearms by NYC patrol officers?

    <p>Firearms were used in only 5 out of 1,762 incidents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the historical context of police options when dealing with a resistant individual?

    <p>'Hands-on,' use a baton, or pull a gun.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text what is the primary function of all police departments?

    <p>To enforce the law and maintain public order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Cooper argues that the militarization of the police has led to a destructive and war mentality among officers (p. 4)

    • Militarization of police was a reform in the early 1900s to establish discipline and remove politicians from day-to-day operations (Klockers, 1988, p. 243)

    • Police have always been a paramilitary occupation with uniforms, weapons, and a chain of command (Klein, 2005a, p. 9)

    • Wilson identified three styles of policing: service, watchman, and legalistic (1968)

      • Service style focuses on controlling unruly teens and maintaining high-visibility patrol in homogeneous middle-class communities
      • Watchman style focuses on ignoring minor crimes and being tough on serious ones
      • Legalistic style emphasizes high arrest and ticketing rates to reduce public suspicion of corruption

    • Broderick identified four types of police roles: enforcer, idealist, realist, and optimist (1977)

    • Cooper claims that U.S. police departments have moved from community-oriented policing to a military approach

    • Chicago's community policing program, CAPS, has had uneven results (Bowean, 2013)

    • Chicago gave a $1 million grant to the anti-violence group, Ceasefire, in 2012 to mediate disputes and provide social services (Gorner, 2012)

    • Chicago assigned 59 new police academy graduates to high-crime districts in 2013 to build trust in the community and reduce crime (Levy, 2013; Gorner, 2013a)

    • Chicago Police Department assigned up to 400 officers to 20 small "impact zones" in 2013 to address 20% of the city's violent crimes (Bowean, 2013)

    • Police work involves gaining compliance or controlling situations, often without the use of force (Bittner, 1978; Klein, 2005b; Barker, 1999).

    • One study found that NYC patrol officers used force in only one-tenth of 1% of encounters, with firearms used in only 5 out of 1,762 incidents (Geller and Scott, 1992).

    • Cooper, a former officer, criticized officers for wearing mirrored sunglasses, implying they were scared, but this may not be the case, as sunglasses are worn for various reasons (Cooper, p. 15).

    • Cooper described himself as a "street cop" in dangerous neighborhoods, but it's unclear how he obtained "countless" weapons from individuals, or if he was involved in numerous shootouts (Cooper, p. 15).

    • Cooper expressed concern about courage and physical fitness among officers, suggesting that officers have been replaced by fearful men using non-lethal weapons like Tasers and pepper spray (Cooper, p. 7).

    • Historically, officers had limited options when dealing with a resistant or threatening individual: go "hands on," use a baton, or pull a gun (Sims, personal communication, 2000).

    • Batons are impact weapons that can cause serious injury or death. There are various types, including metal, wood, and plastic batons (Sims, personal communication, 2000).

    • Officers prefer to verbally manipulate individuals to comply with their orders, rather than resorting to physical force (Sims, personal communication, 2000).

    • The text mentions that police work is not a war but a job and that officers have to pass a physical fitness test when they are hired, and they gain weight and lose agility over time (Sims, personal communication, 2000).

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