30 Questions
What region is Gandhara art named after?
Pakistan
Which art style influenced Gandhara art?
Hellenistic art
What characterized the Gandhara school of art?
Based on Greco-Roman norms
What does Nationalism mean?
Expressing loyalty to a nation
What historical period saw the rise of nationalism in British India?
Post-Mutiny Era after the mid-19th century
Why did Nationalism in the Subcontinent gain momentum?
Borne out of political persecution, economic hardship, and racism under British raj
What is the definition of colonialism according to the Oxford Dictionary?
The practice of acquiring control over another country politically and establishing settlers.
Which country's sea power shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic due to key discoveries in the 15th century?
Portugal
When did the age of modern colonialism begin?
Around 1400s
What characterized the British East India Company's conquest of much of India in the 18th century?
A violent and greedy enterprise
How did European nations spread their influence during the age of modern colonialism?
By conquest, settlement, and spreading institutions and culture
What was the primary motive behind British colonization of India during the 18th century?
Economic exploitation
What was one of the outcomes of the 1857 Indian Rebellion, despite the Indian defeat and British victory?
Increased awareness and unity among Indians
Why is the 1857 episode often regarded as a wake-up call for Indians?
It led to the realization of the need for unity and reforms
What was a core attribute of the Aligarh Movement as a Muslim reformation movement?
Emphasis on modern education and western science
Which movement focused on a return to orthodox Islamic teachings and principles?
Deoband Movement
Why did Indians opt for reformation movements instead of a revolution during the 1857-1905 period?
To peacefully address social issues and preserve cultural identity
Which movement better contributed to Muslim reformation and the freedom struggle according to the text?
Aligarh Movement due to its focus on modern education
What is one of the benefits of federalism mentioned in the text?
Encouraging political participation
Which branch of government in Pakistan includes the president, senate, and national assembly?
The parliament
What is the purpose of law mentioned in the text?
Deterrent to discourage detrimental actions
Who is the head of the executive government in Pakistan?
Prime minister
How are laws made in Pakistan according to the text?
Through legislation by legislatures
Which court system in Pakistan includes the supreme court, federal court, and provincial & high courts?
Judicial system
How many judges are fixed along with the Chief Justice in the Court mentioned in the text?
16 judges
What is the fixed number of judges in the High Court of Sindh?
40 judges
Which court is responsible for handling both civil and criminal jurisdiction in every district of each province?
District & Sessions Court
In which court are executive matters brought before the relevant judge?
District Court
What is the Islamabad High Court's fixed number of judges according to the text?
7 judges
Which court is known as the lower house of the Federal Parliament in Pakistan?
National Assembly
Study Notes
Gandhara Art
- Named after the region of Gandhara in modern-day Pakistan
- Presents some of the earliest images of the Buddha
- Influenced by 2nd-century Hellenistic art
- Highly influential in Central and Eastern Asia
- Also known as the Greco-Buddhist school of art
Nationalism
- Defined as a sense of loyalty and devotion expressed by a group of like-minded people with similar culture, history, ideology, and aspirations
- Has both uniting and dividing tendencies
- Nationalism in the Subcontinent:
- Emerged as a response to political persecution, economic hardship, cultural and social degradation, and racism under British rule in India
- Gained momentum post-Mutiny Era in the mid-19th century
British Colonialism in India
- Began in the 1750s and lasted until 1947
- Defined as a policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically
- Characterized by the subjugation of one people by another
- Led to the rise of Indian nationalism in the 19th century
Muslim Reformation Movements (1857-1890s)
- Aligarh Movement:
- Core attributes include modernization, Westernization, and religious reform
- Aimed to educate Muslims in modern subjects and promote Western-style education
- Deoband Movement:
- Core attributes include Islamic reform, purification, and revival
- Focused on reforming Islamic education and promoting Islamic values
- Both movements contributed to the cause of Muslim reformation and the subsequent freedom struggle
Government of Pakistan Structure
- Executive Government:
- Prime Minister
- Federal Cabinet
- Parliament:
- President
- Senate
- National Assembly
- Judicial System:
- Supreme Court
- Federal Court
- Provincial and High Courts
- City Courts
- Mohtasib
Law and Judicial System of Pakistan
- Defined as a system of rules enforced through social institutions to govern behavior
- Purposes of Law:
- Satisfaction for victims
- Deterrent to discourage others from acting in a way considered detrimental to society
- Prevention of vigilantism and mob justice
- The Court consists of a Chief Justice and 16 judges, appointed by the President
- High Courts exist in each province and the Islamabad Capital Territory
- District and Sessions Courts:
- Exist in every district of each province
- Have civil and criminal jurisdiction
Test your knowledge about Gandhara art, named after the region in Pakistan, which presents early images of Buddha influenced by Hellenistic art. Learn about its rise in the 1st to 5th century, decline after Muslim conquests, and impact in Central and Eastern Asia.
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