64 Questions
What is the result of meiosis in gametogenesis?
Each gamete receives 23 chromosomes
What is the term for the alteration of gene expression due to early life experiences?
Epigenetic programming
What determines the development of testes in sex differentiation?
The SRY gene on the Y chromosome
What is the function of AMH in sex differentiation?
Development of male reproductive tract
What is the consequence of the absence of a Y chromosome in sex differentiation?
Development of ovaries
What is the dual function of the gonads in reproductive endocrinology?
Gametogenesis and secretion of sex hormones
What is the primary function of the Leydig cells in the male gonads?
Secreting testosterone
What is the primary function of the placenta during pregnancy?
To exchange gases, nutrients, and waste products between the mother and fetus
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating spermatogenesis?
FSH
What is the main source of progesterone and estrogen during the last 7 months of pregnancy?
The placenta
What is the primary hormone responsible for stimulating milk production during lactation?
Prolactin
What is the result of the meiotic divisions of spermatogenesis?
Sperm containing 23 chromosomes
What is the term for the failure to conceive with unprotected intercourse and no means to block conception?
Infertility
What is the function of the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules?
Performing many functions during spermatogenesis
What is the purpose of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
Storing mature sperm
What is the hormone responsible for the development of the male phenotype during fetal development?
Testosterone
What is the term for the cessation of reproductive function in women as they age?
Menopause
What is the effect of testosterone on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland?
Reducing GnRH secretion and mainly LH secretion
What is the primary difference between male and female hypogonadism?
The underlying cause
What is the term for the decrease in testosterone levels with aging?
Andropause
What is the result of the two meiotic divisions of oogenesis?
Eggs containing 23 chromosomes
What is the function of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive system?
Secreting estrogen and progesterone
What is the approximate duration of each phase of the menstrual cycle?
14 days
Which hormone exerts negative feedback on the anterior pituitary gland during the early and middle follicular phases?
Estrogen
What triggers the completion of the egg's first meiotic division and cytoplasmic maturation?
LH surge
What is the primary function of progesterone during the secretory phase?
Converting the estrogen-primed endometrium to a secretory tissue
What is the primary cause of menopause?
Decrease in the number of ovarian follicles and their hyporesponsiveness to the gonadotropins
What is the result of the fusion of the nuclei of the egg and sperm during fertilization?
Zygote formation
What is the function of androgens in women?
Stimulating growth of pubic and axillary hair
What is the effect of inhibin on the secretion of FSH?
Inhibin preferentially inhibits FSH secretion
What is the result of the regression of the corpus luteum?
Decrease in plasma estrogen and progesterone concentrations
What is the primary function of GnRH in the menstrual cycle?
Stimulating the secretion of FSH and LH
What is the significance of crossing-over and random distribution of maternal and paternal chromatids during meiosis?
It causes genetic variability in the gametes
What is the outcome of the absence of a Y chromosome in sex differentiation?
Development of ovaries and female reproductive system
What is the term for the alteration of gene expression due to early life experiences?
Epigenetics
What is the dual function of the gonads in reproductive endocrinology?
Gametogenesis and secretion of sex hormones
What triggers the development of testes in sex differentiation?
Presence of a Y chromosome
What is the outcome of meiosis in gametogenesis?
Gametes with 23 chromosomes
What is the role of the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules?
To perform many functions, including spermatogenesis and inhibin secretion
What is the outcome of the meiotic divisions of spermatogenesis?
Sperm with 23 chromosomes
What is the main function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
To store and mature sperm
What is the primary source of estrogen and progesterone in the female reproductive system?
Ovaries
What is the role of LH in the male reproductive system?
To stimulate testosterone secretion
What is the effect of testosterone on the accessory reproductive organs?
Stimulation
What is the primary cause of hypogonadism in males?
Testicular failure
What is the result of the fusion of the nuclei of the sperm and egg during fertilization?
A zygote with 46 chromosomes
What is the primary function of GnRH in the male reproductive system?
To regulate the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis
What occurs during the last 7 months of pregnancy in terms of progesterone and estrogen production?
The placenta takes over the production of progesterone and estrogen
What is the effect of inhibin on FSH secretion?
Inhibition
What stimulates the secretion of prolactin during pregnancy?
Estrogen acting on the anterior pituitary gland
What is the role of uterine prostaglandins in parturition?
Stimulating the contractions of the uterus
What is the effect of high concentrations of progesterone on menstrual cycles?
Inhibiting the secretion of GnRH
What is the result of the suckling reflex during lactation?
Release of large bursts of prolactin and oxytocin
What is the term for the failure to conceive with unprotected intercourse and no means to block conception?
Infertility
What is the primary source of estrogen during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
Granulosa cells
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the uterus undergo proliferative changes?
Follicular phase
What is the result of the inhibition of GnRH and the gonadotropins during the luteal phase?
Suppressed ovulation
What is the function of androgens in women?
Growth of pubic and axillary hair
What is the cause of the symptoms of menopause?
Marked decrease in plasma estrogen concentration
What is the result of the fusion of the sperm and egg nuclei during fertilization?
Zygote formation
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum secrete progesterone and estrogen?
Luteal phase
What is the effect of progesterone on the endometrium during the secretory phase?
It converts the estrogen-primed endometrium to a secretory tissue
What is the role of inhibin in the menstrual cycle?
Inhibiting FSH secretion
What is the result of the regression of the corpus luteum?
Menstruation
Test your understanding of gametogenesis, including the stages of mitosis and meiosis, and how early life experiences can influence gene expression through epigenetics. Learn about the process of gamete formation and the role of epigenetic programming in shaping genetic traits.
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