Galileo Galilei: Refracting Telescopes & Observations
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Questions and Answers

In a Galilean refracting telescope, what is the primary function of the eyepiece?

  • To gather more light than the human eye can perceive.
  • To split the incoming light into its constituent colors.
  • To refract light back to parallel, refocusing the rays for the eye. (correct)
  • To correct for chromatic aberration present in the primary lens.

How did Kepler's modification to the refracting telescope improve upon Galileo's design?

  • By placing the eyepiece before the primary lens to reduce light loss.
  • By employing multiple lenses of varying refractive indices to eliminate chromatic aberration.
  • By using a concave eyepiece to correct for spherical aberration.
  • By using a convex eyepiece to capture more light and invert the image. (correct)

What pre-telescopic belief did Galileo share with Johannes Kepler, indicative of his cosmological inclinations?

  • A belief in stellar parallax.
  • The immutability of the heavens.
  • A geocentric model with epicycles.
  • The heliocentric model of the universe. (correct)

The burning of Giordano Bruno in 1600 was significant because it demonstrated:

<p>The Church's willingness to suppress dissenting views. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Galileo's observations of the Moon's surface contradicted Aristotle's teachings by:

<p>Demonstrating a rough, uneven surface with craters and mountains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Galileo's observation of the Milky Way through his telescope led him to conclude that it was:

<p>A massive grouping of stars. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's moons directly challenged which argument against heliocentrism?

<p>That everything must revolve around the Earth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Galileo's observation of the phases of Venus supported the heliocentric model because it showed:

<p>Venus exhibited all phases, including gibbous, which is impossible if it orbited between the Earth and the Sun. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When Galileo initially observed Saturn through his telescope, what unusual features did he note, and why were they puzzling to him?

<p>Rings that appeared as 'ears' or appendages, challenging the Aristotelian view of perfect spheres. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the central claim in Galileo's 'Dialogue on the Two Great World Systems' that ultimately led to his condemnation by the Roman Inquisition?

<p>That the Earth's tides were evidence of its rotation and revolution, supporting heliocentrism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is refraction?

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

Purpose of lenses in a Galilean refractor?

The primary lens gathers more light; the eyepiece refocuses and magnifies the image for detailed viewing.

Galileo's initial cosmology?

Galileo adopted heliocentrism before telescopic observations, based on intellectual exchanges.

Galileo's lunar observations vs. Aristotle

Galileo observed the Moon's surface to be rough and uneven, contradicting Aristotle's view of perfect celestial bodies.

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Galileo's view on the Milky Way?

Galileo observed the Milky Way as a massive grouping of stars, not an atmospheric phenomenon as Aristotle claimed.

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Galileo's observation of Venus' phases?

Galileo saw Venus go through phases, proving it orbits the Sun, disproving the Ptolemaic model.

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Why no crescent phases for outer planets?

Because outer planets are never between Earth and the Sun.

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Galileo's views on surface of sun?

Sunspots look like blemishes and move together, indicating imperfections on the Sun's surface, contradicting Aristotle.

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Significance of Joshua's statement 'Sun, stand Thou still'?

It was misinterpreted as supporting a geocentric view where the Sun moves around the Earth.

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Galileo's charges and sentence?

Charged with heresy for advocating heliocentrism; sentenced to house arrest and forced to recant.

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Study Notes

  • The study guide covers the major points in the lecture material for Galileo Galilei Parts 1-4

Galileo and the Refracting Telescope:

  • Refraction is the bending of light as it goes from one medium to another, such as air to water or air to glass.
  • In a Galilean refractor, the primary lens sends more light to the eye than the eye would normally receive.
  • The eyepiece refracts the light back to parallel before it enters the eye, refocusing the rays, and magnifies the image for detailed viewing.
  • Kepler made the eyepiece convex, which captured more light and made the image bigger and brighter, by sending inverted light from a larger region of the sky to the eye
  • Galileo's version bent the light from the outermost images away from the eye making it blurry

Galileo's Observations of the Moon, Stars and Jupiter's Moons:

  • Galileo accepted heliocentrism before observing the sky through a telescope, and traded these ideas with Kepler in 1597.
  • Giordano Bruno, an Italian scientist and philosopher who believed in heliocentrism, was burned at the stake in 1600 for heresy, showing the church's ruthlessness.
  • Galileo published his telescope observations in the book "Starry Messenger" (Sidereus Nuncius).
  • Aristotle's explained the Moon's patchy surface as contamination from Earth, while Galileo concluded it was uneven and rough, contradicting Aristotle's perfect spheres theory.
  • Galileo demonstrated that the Milky Way was a massive grouping of stars, contradicting Aristotle's atmospheric explanation.
  • Planets and stars look very different through a telescope, supporting the Copernican argument that stars are too distant for parallax to be seen.
  • Galileo discovered Jupiter's four brightest moons, contradicting the argument against heliocentrism that Earth could not move with its own moons and showed that if Jupiter can move with its moons, so can Earth

Galileo's Observations of Venus' Phases, Saturn's Rings and Sunspots:

  • Galileo discovered that Venus has phases like the Moon, proving it orbits the Sun and disproving the Ptolemaic model.
  • The Ptolemaic model states Venus orbits between Earth and the Sun, there it would never be seen in gibbous phase
  • Galileo's discovery about Venus proves that Venus orbits the Sun.
  • Venus appears smallest when it is gibbous and furthest from the Earth and biggest when it is a crescent and closest to the Earth
  • Galileo did not observe phase changes in the outer planets because they are never between the Earth and Sun, and therefore cannot be seen in crescent.
  • Galileo saw Saturn with appendages ("ears") and incorrectly guessed that there were two large moons on either side of Saturn.
  • Galileo was really looking at Saturn's rings, which he couldn't fully understand but knew they weren't just bumps on the planet. As the Earth orbits the Sun, sometimes it is above us making the rings disappear.
  • Sunspots appear as blemishes near the Sun's edge, indicating imperfections and disproving Aristotle, who believed they were dust clouds, not part of the Sun's surface.

The Trial of Galileo:

  • The statement "Sun, stand Thou still" from the Book of Joshua was a central point of contention, as it supported the geocentric view taught by the church.
  • Galileo wrote a letter to the Duchess of Tuscany arguing that the Bible uses parables and is not meant to teach astronomy, leading to the church banning Copernicus' book and issuing a papal ban against heliocentrism.
  • Pope Urban VIII requested Galileo to write an unbiased analysis of heliocentrism and geocentrism, so Galileo published "Dialogue on the Two Great World Systems" (1632).
  • Galileo's theory about the tides suggested that Earth's rotation and revolution caused the tides, which antagonized the Pope by claiming to have physical proof of Earth's movement and favoring the Copernican system.
  • As a result of his book, Galileo was charged by the Roman Inquisition in 1633, sentenced to house arrest for life, and forced to publicly recant heliocentrism.

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Study guide covering Galileo's work on refracting telescopes and his astronomical observations. It details the principles of refraction, the design of Galilean refractors, and his observations of the Moon, stars, and Jupiter's moons. Includes comparison with Kepler's improvements.

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