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Questions and Answers
In a Galilean refracting telescope, what is the primary function of the eyepiece?
In a Galilean refracting telescope, what is the primary function of the eyepiece?
- To gather more light than the human eye can perceive.
- To split the incoming light into its constituent colors.
- To refract light back to parallel, refocusing the rays for the eye. (correct)
- To correct for chromatic aberration present in the primary lens.
How did Kepler's modification to the refracting telescope improve upon Galileo's design?
How did Kepler's modification to the refracting telescope improve upon Galileo's design?
- By placing the eyepiece before the primary lens to reduce light loss.
- By employing multiple lenses of varying refractive indices to eliminate chromatic aberration.
- By using a concave eyepiece to correct for spherical aberration.
- By using a convex eyepiece to capture more light and invert the image. (correct)
What pre-telescopic belief did Galileo share with Johannes Kepler, indicative of his cosmological inclinations?
What pre-telescopic belief did Galileo share with Johannes Kepler, indicative of his cosmological inclinations?
- A belief in stellar parallax.
- The immutability of the heavens.
- A geocentric model with epicycles.
- The heliocentric model of the universe. (correct)
The burning of Giordano Bruno in 1600 was significant because it demonstrated:
The burning of Giordano Bruno in 1600 was significant because it demonstrated:
Galileo's observations of the Moon's surface contradicted Aristotle's teachings by:
Galileo's observations of the Moon's surface contradicted Aristotle's teachings by:
Galileo's observation of the Milky Way through his telescope led him to conclude that it was:
Galileo's observation of the Milky Way through his telescope led him to conclude that it was:
Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's moons directly challenged which argument against heliocentrism?
Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's moons directly challenged which argument against heliocentrism?
Galileo's observation of the phases of Venus supported the heliocentric model because it showed:
Galileo's observation of the phases of Venus supported the heliocentric model because it showed:
When Galileo initially observed Saturn through his telescope, what unusual features did he note, and why were they puzzling to him?
When Galileo initially observed Saturn through his telescope, what unusual features did he note, and why were they puzzling to him?
What was the central claim in Galileo's 'Dialogue on the Two Great World Systems' that ultimately led to his condemnation by the Roman Inquisition?
What was the central claim in Galileo's 'Dialogue on the Two Great World Systems' that ultimately led to his condemnation by the Roman Inquisition?
Flashcards
What is refraction?
What is refraction?
The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.
Purpose of lenses in a Galilean refractor?
Purpose of lenses in a Galilean refractor?
The primary lens gathers more light; the eyepiece refocuses and magnifies the image for detailed viewing.
Galileo's initial cosmology?
Galileo's initial cosmology?
Galileo adopted heliocentrism before telescopic observations, based on intellectual exchanges.
Galileo's lunar observations vs. Aristotle
Galileo's lunar observations vs. Aristotle
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Galileo's view on the Milky Way?
Galileo's view on the Milky Way?
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Galileo's observation of Venus' phases?
Galileo's observation of Venus' phases?
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Why no crescent phases for outer planets?
Why no crescent phases for outer planets?
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Galileo's views on surface of sun?
Galileo's views on surface of sun?
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Significance of Joshua's statement 'Sun, stand Thou still'?
Significance of Joshua's statement 'Sun, stand Thou still'?
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Galileo's charges and sentence?
Galileo's charges and sentence?
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Study Notes
- The study guide covers the major points in the lecture material for Galileo Galilei Parts 1-4
Galileo and the Refracting Telescope:
- Refraction is the bending of light as it goes from one medium to another, such as air to water or air to glass.
- In a Galilean refractor, the primary lens sends more light to the eye than the eye would normally receive.
- The eyepiece refracts the light back to parallel before it enters the eye, refocusing the rays, and magnifies the image for detailed viewing.
- Kepler made the eyepiece convex, which captured more light and made the image bigger and brighter, by sending inverted light from a larger region of the sky to the eye
- Galileo's version bent the light from the outermost images away from the eye making it blurry
Galileo's Observations of the Moon, Stars and Jupiter's Moons:
- Galileo accepted heliocentrism before observing the sky through a telescope, and traded these ideas with Kepler in 1597.
- Giordano Bruno, an Italian scientist and philosopher who believed in heliocentrism, was burned at the stake in 1600 for heresy, showing the church's ruthlessness.
- Galileo published his telescope observations in the book "Starry Messenger" (Sidereus Nuncius).
- Aristotle's explained the Moon's patchy surface as contamination from Earth, while Galileo concluded it was uneven and rough, contradicting Aristotle's perfect spheres theory.
- Galileo demonstrated that the Milky Way was a massive grouping of stars, contradicting Aristotle's atmospheric explanation.
- Planets and stars look very different through a telescope, supporting the Copernican argument that stars are too distant for parallax to be seen.
- Galileo discovered Jupiter's four brightest moons, contradicting the argument against heliocentrism that Earth could not move with its own moons and showed that if Jupiter can move with its moons, so can Earth
Galileo's Observations of Venus' Phases, Saturn's Rings and Sunspots:
- Galileo discovered that Venus has phases like the Moon, proving it orbits the Sun and disproving the Ptolemaic model.
- The Ptolemaic model states Venus orbits between Earth and the Sun, there it would never be seen in gibbous phase
- Galileo's discovery about Venus proves that Venus orbits the Sun.
- Venus appears smallest when it is gibbous and furthest from the Earth and biggest when it is a crescent and closest to the Earth
- Galileo did not observe phase changes in the outer planets because they are never between the Earth and Sun, and therefore cannot be seen in crescent.
- Galileo saw Saturn with appendages ("ears") and incorrectly guessed that there were two large moons on either side of Saturn.
- Galileo was really looking at Saturn's rings, which he couldn't fully understand but knew they weren't just bumps on the planet. As the Earth orbits the Sun, sometimes it is above us making the rings disappear.
- Sunspots appear as blemishes near the Sun's edge, indicating imperfections and disproving Aristotle, who believed they were dust clouds, not part of the Sun's surface.
The Trial of Galileo:
- The statement "Sun, stand Thou still" from the Book of Joshua was a central point of contention, as it supported the geocentric view taught by the church.
- Galileo wrote a letter to the Duchess of Tuscany arguing that the Bible uses parables and is not meant to teach astronomy, leading to the church banning Copernicus' book and issuing a papal ban against heliocentrism.
- Pope Urban VIII requested Galileo to write an unbiased analysis of heliocentrism and geocentrism, so Galileo published "Dialogue on the Two Great World Systems" (1632).
- Galileo's theory about the tides suggested that Earth's rotation and revolution caused the tides, which antagonized the Pope by claiming to have physical proof of Earth's movement and favoring the Copernican system.
- As a result of his book, Galileo was charged by the Roman Inquisition in 1633, sentenced to house arrest for life, and forced to publicly recant heliocentrism.
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Description
Study guide covering Galileo's work on refracting telescopes and his astronomical observations. It details the principles of refraction, the design of Galilean refractors, and his observations of the Moon, stars, and Jupiter's moons. Includes comparison with Kepler's improvements.