12 Questions
What did Aristotle believe about natural motion?
Objects move and return to their natural state based on their material.
According to Aristotle, what is violent motion?
An object moving with an external push or pull.
What did Galileo believe was necessary for an object to maintain motion?
External force
'An object in uniform motion will travel a distance that is proportional to the time it will take to travel' demonstrates which concept?
Galileo's description using mathematics
'An object thrown at a certain angle is given an impetus' reflects which scientist's viewpoint?
Aristotle
'An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion' contrasts with which of Aristotle's concepts?
Natural motion returns the object to its original state.
In which kind of motion does an object continue to move without the need for an external force to maintain its motion?
Horizontal motion
What happens to an object in vertical motion if it encounters a resistive force from a fluid equal to or greater than its weight?
It slows down
According to Galileo, what is projectile motion a combination of?
Uniform motion horizontally and uniformly accelerated motion vertically
If an object is released from the same height, why would a 1-kg object and a 10-kg object fall at the same speed in the absence of resistance?
Due to their mass
What happens to a ball on an infinitely flat plane if unimpeded?
It continues to roll
If a stone were dropped into a pool of water, what is expected to happen to its speed?
It will reach a constant speed eventually
Study Notes
Aristotelian Conceptions of Motion
- According to Aristotle, motion can be either natural or violent.
- Natural motion: an object moves and returns to its natural state based on its material/composition.
- Violent motion: an object requires an external force (push or pull) to move.
Aristotelian View of Projectile Motion
- Aristotle believed that an object thrown at an angle has an impetus (a force or energy) that allows it to move.
- The object continues to move until its impetus is lost, and it returns to its natural state, causing it to stop and fall.
Galilean Conceptions of Motion
- Galileo believed that motion can be described by mathematics and changes in physical variables such as time and distance.
- He disproved Aristotle's claims that motion is due to an object's composition.
Galileo's Laws of Motion
- An object in uniform motion will travel a distance proportional to the time it takes to travel.
- A uniformly accelerating object will travel at a speed proportional to some factor of time.
- An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion; an external force is not necessary to maintain the motion.
Horizontal Motion
- An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion, and an external force is not necessary to maintain the motion.
- On a flat and extended surface, objects that are pushed will not be impeded and will continue to move.
Vertical Motion
- In the absence of resistance, objects would fall equally, regardless of their weight, in the same amount of time.
- If an object encounters a resistive force equal to or greater than its weight, it will slow down and reach a uniform motion until it reaches the bottom and stops.
Projectile Motion
- A projectile is a combination of uniform motion in the horizontal direction and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical direction.
- If unimpeded, a projectile will continue to move even without an applied force.
Explore the contrasting views of motion by Galileo and Aristotle, focusing on natural and violent motion as well as projectile motion. Learn about the concepts of impetus and external forces in these two perspectives.
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