Movement Science Week 7.7 - 7.8

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Questions and Answers

How does the absence of vision affect a person's walking style?

It has no effect on walking style.

It allows for better spatial awareness.

It results in a more cautious walking style. (correct)

It leads to faster walking without hesitation.

What role does the otolith function play in the development of walking?

It is less important than semicircular canal reflexes.

It is a key contributor to the emergence of walking. (correct)

It does not change significantly during walking development.

It is only relevant for balance, not for gait.

What organizational strategy do children utilize for walking from acquisition of stance until about six years of age?

Random movement with no specific strategy.

Bottom-up organization using the support surface. (correct)

Top-down organization of balance.

Independent control of legs and arms only.

At what age do children begin to transition to top-down organization of balance?

Around seven years of age. Signup and view all the answers

How do infants adjust their movement strategies as they gain experience crawling and walking?

They improve perceptual judgments for safety to align with their motor abilities. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of infants carrying objects while walking experienced falls?

Less than 3% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason children under 7 years old struggle with dual tasks?

They have limited attentional resources. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants generally first achieve the ability to roll from their stomach to their back?

4 to 5 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how infants change their rolling pattern over time?

They transition from a log rolling pattern to a more segmental pattern. Signup and view all the answers

What factor is noted to influence the attainment of motor skills in infants?

Motivation to move Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase of prone progression characterized by?

Lower extremity flexion and a primarily flexed posture Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavior in infants when faced with dual task conditions?

They perform the tasks sequentially rather than simultaneously. Signup and view all the answers

When do most infants begin to coordinate their arms and legs effectively for moving?

By 6 to 9 months Signup and view all the answers

What happens to gait variability when a secondary cognitive task becomes more difficult?

It increases. Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental pattern is often assumed by clinicians regarding motor activity?

A consistent, stable pattern. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Vision and Gait Development

Vision guides walking by providing information about the environment and body orientation.
When vision is absent, walking becomes more cautious.

Otolith Function and Walking

Otolith function in the inner ear is crucial for walking emergence.
Semicircular canal reflexes remain relatively unchanged during walking development.
Changes in otolith vestibular ocular reflex contribute significantly to the emergence of walking.

Head, Arm, and Trunk Control

Control of these segments is critical for gait control.
Children use a bottom-up approach to walk, controlling the support surface and head movements as a group.
This reduces the degrees of freedom that need to be controlled during walking.
Between 7-8 years, head control shifts to a more top-down approach, allowing greater head movement for balance stabilization.

Environmental Influences on Gait

Infants adapt their movement to safe environments during crawling, cruising, and walking.
Initially, infants may attempt to navigate beyond their abilities, but with experience, their perceptual judgments become more accurate.

Cognitive Tasks and Gait

Easy cognitive tasks can improve gait automaticity and reduce variability.
Difficult cognitive tasks increase gait variability.
Children under 7 years old prioritize cognitive tasks over gait when performing dual tasks, lacking the attentional resources to handle both.
When performing dual tasks, children under 7 years may struggle with both gait and the cognitive task, often choosing to perform them sequentially.

Rolling Development

Rolling is a fundamental movement pattern involved in transitions to sitting and standing.
Infants typically gain the ability to roll from side to supine around 1-2 months.
Rolling from supine to side develops around 4-5 months.
Proning to supining develops around 4 months, while supining to proning occurs around 6-8 months.
Rolling patterns evolve from "log rolling," with the entire body rotating, to segmental rotation, with individual body parts moving.
By 9 months, most infants use segmental rotation around the pelvis to roll.

Prone Progression

There are 9 phases in prone progression, each characterized by specific developmental milestones.
Phase 1: Lower extremity flexion and extension with a primarily flexed body posture.
Phase 2: Spinal extension begins alongside head control emergence.
Phase 3: Spinal extension continues from the head towards the feet, reaching the thoracic area, with arm extension supporting the chest.
Phase 4 & 5: Arm and leg propulsion movements begin.
Phase 6: Creeping position is assumed.
Phase 7: Disorganized attempts at forward movement.
Phase 8 & 9: Organized arm and leg movement for creeping.
Infants may skip phases or progress directly to creeping.

Crawling Variations

Crawling patterns can vary widely, including army crawl, inchworm crawl, hands and knees crawl, hands and feet crawl, and combination crawling.

Supine to Stand Development

Infants progress from a supine to stand position by rolling to prone, transitioning to all-fours, and then to a kneeling position.
They may utilize a pull-to-stand method, first with a two-leg strategy and then a half-kneel strategy.
Around 4-5 years of age, a symmetrical sit-up pattern emerges, representing a more mature movement for the task.

Sit to Stand Development

Between 12 and 14 months, infants maintain a bent trunk and knees to lower their center of gravity and improve balance during upright standing.
Sit-to-stand patterns become more adult-like, but with some immaturity, at 12-18 months, 4-5 years, and 9-10 years.
Even the youngest children master the basic pattern for standing, but may end the movement with toe rising or stepping forward.
By 9-10 years, patterns resemble adults.
Children aged 6-7 years show greater individual variability in movement than adults.
Variability may be related to developmental control of momentum and balance.

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Description

This quiz explores the critical elements involved in the development of gait, including the roles of vision and otolith function. It discusses how head, arm, and trunk control contribute to walking, as well as how environmental factors influence gait in infants and children. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in human movement!

Movement Science Week 7.7 - 7.8 - Transcripts