Podcast
Questions and Answers
How does the absence of vision affect a person's walking style?
How does the absence of vision affect a person's walking style?
What role does the otolith function play in the development of walking?
What role does the otolith function play in the development of walking?
What organizational strategy do children utilize for walking from acquisition of stance until about six years of age?
What organizational strategy do children utilize for walking from acquisition of stance until about six years of age?
At what age do children begin to transition to top-down organization of balance?
At what age do children begin to transition to top-down organization of balance?
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How do infants adjust their movement strategies as they gain experience crawling and walking?
How do infants adjust their movement strategies as they gain experience crawling and walking?
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What percentage of infants carrying objects while walking experienced falls?
What percentage of infants carrying objects while walking experienced falls?
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What is the primary reason children under 7 years old struggle with dual tasks?
What is the primary reason children under 7 years old struggle with dual tasks?
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At what age do infants generally first achieve the ability to roll from their stomach to their back?
At what age do infants generally first achieve the ability to roll from their stomach to their back?
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Which of the following best describes how infants change their rolling pattern over time?
Which of the following best describes how infants change their rolling pattern over time?
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What factor is noted to influence the attainment of motor skills in infants?
What factor is noted to influence the attainment of motor skills in infants?
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What is the first phase of prone progression characterized by?
What is the first phase of prone progression characterized by?
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What is a common behavior in infants when faced with dual task conditions?
What is a common behavior in infants when faced with dual task conditions?
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When do most infants begin to coordinate their arms and legs effectively for moving?
When do most infants begin to coordinate their arms and legs effectively for moving?
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What happens to gait variability when a secondary cognitive task becomes more difficult?
What happens to gait variability when a secondary cognitive task becomes more difficult?
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Which developmental pattern is often assumed by clinicians regarding motor activity?
Which developmental pattern is often assumed by clinicians regarding motor activity?
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Study Notes
Vision and Gait Development
- Vision guides walking by providing information about the environment and body orientation.
- When vision is absent, walking becomes more cautious.
Otolith Function and Walking
- Otolith function in the inner ear is crucial for walking emergence.
- Semicircular canal reflexes remain relatively unchanged during walking development.
- Changes in otolith vestibular ocular reflex contribute significantly to the emergence of walking.
Head, Arm, and Trunk Control
- Control of these segments is critical for gait control.
- Children use a bottom-up approach to walk, controlling the support surface and head movements as a group.
- This reduces the degrees of freedom that need to be controlled during walking.
- Between 7-8 years, head control shifts to a more top-down approach, allowing greater head movement for balance stabilization.
Environmental Influences on Gait
- Infants adapt their movement to safe environments during crawling, cruising, and walking.
- Initially, infants may attempt to navigate beyond their abilities, but with experience, their perceptual judgments become more accurate.
Cognitive Tasks and Gait
- Easy cognitive tasks can improve gait automaticity and reduce variability.
- Difficult cognitive tasks increase gait variability.
- Children under 7 years old prioritize cognitive tasks over gait when performing dual tasks, lacking the attentional resources to handle both.
- When performing dual tasks, children under 7 years may struggle with both gait and the cognitive task, often choosing to perform them sequentially.
Rolling Development
- Rolling is a fundamental movement pattern involved in transitions to sitting and standing.
- Infants typically gain the ability to roll from side to supine around 1-2 months.
- Rolling from supine to side develops around 4-5 months.
- Proning to supining develops around 4 months, while supining to proning occurs around 6-8 months.
- Rolling patterns evolve from "log rolling," with the entire body rotating, to segmental rotation, with individual body parts moving.
- By 9 months, most infants use segmental rotation around the pelvis to roll.
Prone Progression
- There are 9 phases in prone progression, each characterized by specific developmental milestones.
- Phase 1: Lower extremity flexion and extension with a primarily flexed body posture.
- Phase 2: Spinal extension begins alongside head control emergence.
- Phase 3: Spinal extension continues from the head towards the feet, reaching the thoracic area, with arm extension supporting the chest.
- Phase 4 & 5: Arm and leg propulsion movements begin.
- Phase 6: Creeping position is assumed.
- Phase 7: Disorganized attempts at forward movement.
- Phase 8 & 9: Organized arm and leg movement for creeping.
- Infants may skip phases or progress directly to creeping.
Crawling Variations
- Crawling patterns can vary widely, including army crawl, inchworm crawl, hands and knees crawl, hands and feet crawl, and combination crawling.
Supine to Stand Development
- Infants progress from a supine to stand position by rolling to prone, transitioning to all-fours, and then to a kneeling position.
- They may utilize a pull-to-stand method, first with a two-leg strategy and then a half-kneel strategy.
- Around 4-5 years of age, a symmetrical sit-up pattern emerges, representing a more mature movement for the task.
Sit to Stand Development
- Between 12 and 14 months, infants maintain a bent trunk and knees to lower their center of gravity and improve balance during upright standing.
- Sit-to-stand patterns become more adult-like, but with some immaturity, at 12-18 months, 4-5 years, and 9-10 years.
- Even the youngest children master the basic pattern for standing, but may end the movement with toe rising or stepping forward.
- By 9-10 years, patterns resemble adults.
- Children aged 6-7 years show greater individual variability in movement than adults.
- Variability may be related to developmental control of momentum and balance.
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Description
This quiz explores the critical elements involved in the development of gait, including the roles of vision and otolith function. It discusses how head, arm, and trunk control contribute to walking, as well as how environmental factors influence gait in infants and children. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in human movement!