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Questions and Answers
What temperature range is optimal for egg incubation in oviparous reptiles?
What temperature range is optimal for egg incubation in oviparous reptiles?
In temperature-dependent sex determination, which temperature range typically produces female offspring in most chelonians?
In temperature-dependent sex determination, which temperature range typically produces female offspring in most chelonians?
In ovo viviparous species, which of the following is essential for successful reproduction?
In ovo viviparous species, which of the following is essential for successful reproduction?
Which of the following statements about viviparous reptiles is true?
Which of the following statements about viviparous reptiles is true?
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What is a key factor that can influence reproduction in reptiles?
What is a key factor that can influence reproduction in reptiles?
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What is the primary reproductive organ typically present in female birds?
What is the primary reproductive organ typically present in female birds?
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Which of the following factors does NOT stimulate reproduction in birds?
Which of the following factors does NOT stimulate reproduction in birds?
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Temperature-dependent sex determination is applicable to which groups?
Temperature-dependent sex determination is applicable to which groups?
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Which structure in female bird reproductive anatomy is responsible for laying the eggs?
Which structure in female bird reproductive anatomy is responsible for laying the eggs?
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What is a characteristic feature of oviparous reproduction?
What is a characteristic feature of oviparous reproduction?
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Which of the following is a significant nutritional factor that influences the reproductive cycle in birds?
Which of the following is a significant nutritional factor that influences the reproductive cycle in birds?
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During which season do most psittacines typically breed?
During which season do most psittacines typically breed?
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Which reproductive structure is NOT part of the male bird reproductive anatomy?
Which reproductive structure is NOT part of the male bird reproductive anatomy?
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What is a distinguishing feature of male snakes in terms of their reproductive anatomy?
What is a distinguishing feature of male snakes in terms of their reproductive anatomy?
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How is sex identification performed in male snakes?
How is sex identification performed in male snakes?
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Which statement is true regarding female chelonians?
Which statement is true regarding female chelonians?
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What characteristic is used to differentiate male chelonians from females?
What characteristic is used to differentiate male chelonians from females?
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In male chelonians, where are the testes located?
In male chelonians, where are the testes located?
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What is a common behavior exhibited by male chelonians during courtship?
What is a common behavior exhibited by male chelonians during courtship?
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Which of the following is true regarding tail characteristics in snake sex identification?
Which of the following is true regarding tail characteristics in snake sex identification?
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What method is used to probe the hemipenes in male snakes?
What method is used to probe the hemipenes in male snakes?
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What is the role of progesterone in egg production?
What is the role of progesterone in egg production?
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Which hormone is associated with calcium storage for shell production?
Which hormone is associated with calcium storage for shell production?
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In female reptiles, how are the ovaries positioned?
In female reptiles, how are the ovaries positioned?
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What distinguishes female lizards from males externally?
What distinguishes female lizards from males externally?
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Which anatomical feature aids in sex identification in lizards?
Which anatomical feature aids in sex identification in lizards?
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What is the function of the brood patch in egg-laying reptiles?
What is the function of the brood patch in egg-laying reptiles?
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What is the significance of the renal sexual segment in male lizards?
What is the significance of the renal sexual segment in male lizards?
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What type of eggs do female snakes produce?
What type of eggs do female snakes produce?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Avian & Reptile Reproductive Anatomy & Physiology
- Aims and objectives for the study include:
- Understanding the gross reproductive anatomy and physiology of male and female birds and reptiles,
- Appreciation of environmental and nutritional factors that stimulate reproduction
- Comprehension of temperature-dependent sex determination in chelonians and lizards
- Knowledge of oviparous (egg-laying) and viviparous (live birth) reproductive strategies.
Bird Reproductive Anatomy (Male)
- DNA sexing of monomorphic species is possible
- Male reproductive anatomy includes:
- Testis (paired organs)
- Vas deferens
- Cloaca
Bird Reproductive Anatomy (Female)
- DNA sexing of monomorphic species is possible
- Including:
- Ovary (typically left only)
- Infundibulum
- Magnum
- Isthmus
- Uterus
- Shell gland
- Vagina
- Cloaca
Seasonal Reproductive Cycle in Birds
- Most psittacines (parrots) breed during spring and summer
- Factors influencing breeding season include photoperiod, presence of a mate, and proper nutrition.
- Appropriate temperature, humidity, and nesting area are essential
Egg Production
- Calcium storage for shell production is critical, involving mobilization of calcium using parathyroid hormone
- Ovulation is crucial in the reproductive process
- Ovulation (2-4 eggs/clutch) happens through LH surge, estrogen increase, and fertilization takes place internally within the infundibulum.
- Progesterone inhibits the further ovulation, and triggers incubation behaviors, where brood patches (featherless areas) and crop milk (prolactin) are important aspects of egg incubation.
Reptile Reproductive Anatomy (Female Lizards)
- Paired ovaries located in the mid-dorsal coelom
- Oviducts are thin walled
Reptile Reproductive Anatomy (Male Lizards)
- Paired testes located in the mid-dorsal coelom
- Renal sexual segment for seasonal proliferation
- Paired hemipenes
Lizard Sex Identification
- Features are used for identifying gender in lizards
- Head conformation
- Presence of pores (femoral and anal)
- Hemipenal bulges
Sex Identification of Snakes (Female)
- Paired, elongated ovaries (vary in size from 56-85% SVL, 20% BL)
- Thinly-walled oviducts
Sex Identification of Snakes (Male)
- Paired testes (near adrenals and kidneys)
- Renal sexual segments (seasonal proliferation of distal convoluted tubules)
- Paired hemipenes
Tail Length in Snake Sex Identification
- Males generally have longer tails compared to females
Hemipenal Probing in Snake Sex Identification
- Males probe a distance of 6-14 subcaudal scales—significantly farther than females.
Female Chelonians
- The ovaries (paired) are near the kidneys, in a small state initially
- Oviducts are more muscular, and responsive to oxytocin
Male Chelonians
- Paired testes are located in the mid-dorsal coelom near the kidneys.
- They have single phallus
Chelonian Sex Identification
- Shell differences
- Tail lengths
- Some aquatic males display longer nails
Courtship & Intromission
- Male-induced trauma
- Cloacal alignment
- Internal fertilization.
Oviparous Egg Production
- All chelonians are oviparous
- Many lizards and snakes are also oviparous
- Features that influence egg incubation include:
- Temperature (26 to 33°C)
- Humidity (90 to 100%).
Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination
- Most chelonians have sex determined by incubation temperature
- An increase in temperature leads to females
- Some lizards have sex determined by temperature, but this may vary.
(Ovo)viviparous
- Some lizards and snakes exhibit (ovo)viviparous characteristics, meaning they incubate unshelled eggs internally
- This requires close monitoring of female husbandry conditions and appropriate temperature and nesting area.
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