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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of pharmacognosy?

  • The chemical synthesis of drugs
  • The clinical application of pharmaceutical agents
  • The regulation and approval of pharmaceutical products
  • The biological, biochemical, and therapeutic features of crude drugs (correct)

What Greek words form the basis of the term 'pharmacognosy'?

  • Pharmacon and gnosis (correct)
  • Pharmakon and logo
  • Pharmakon and graphy
  • Pharmacology and gnostic

Which ancient civilization is credited with one of the oldest herbal medicine texts?

  • China (correct)
  • Egypt
  • Greece
  • India

Which of the following is NOT included in the study of pharmacognosy?

<p>Synthesis of artificial drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ancient system of medicine is primarily based on the use of plants?

<p>Ayurveda (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a primary need that the plant kingdom serves for humanity?

<p>Offering remedies for ailments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year was the term 'pharmacognosy' coined by C.A. Seydler?

<p>1815 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pharmacognosy encompass besides the study of crude drugs?

<p>Study of various materials used in pharmacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the garbling process in drug preparation?

<p>To remove dirt and foreign materials from the drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is specifically mentioned as being vacuum-dried?

<p>Tannic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions should be considered while packing drugs?

<p>The morphological and chemical nature of drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drying method utilizes no heat and is expensive but effective?

<p>De-humidifying (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is specified for packing Aloe?

<p>Goatskin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can rancidity in lard be prevented during storage?

<p>By adding siam benzoin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence can excessive moisture exposure have on drugs?

<p>It facilitates enzymatic reactions leading to decomposition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To prevent the destruction of active compounds, how should drugs be stored?

<p>In airtight containers to avoid oxygen exposure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of drying drugs before storage?

<p>To prevent insect and mold attacks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used for extracting substances from woody parts of medicinal plants?

<p>Decoction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of storage conditions is most suitable for costly phytopharmaceuticals?

<p>At refrigerator temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about maceration is correct?

<p>It extracts active principles in cold water without heating. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infusion is mostly suitable for which part of the plants?

<p>Flowers and leaves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug is typically prepared using the infusion method?

<p>Hot infusion for dried leaves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should wooden boxes and paper bags not be used for drug storage?

<p>They do not provide proper protection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes decoction accurately?

<p>It involves boiling the crude drug in water for extraction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for collecting leaves at a young stage?

<p>They contain a high content of chemical constituents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is specifically mentioned for collecting milky latex?

<p>Squeezing the stems over a bowl using gloves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When are barks typically collected, and why is this timing important?

<p>In spring or early summer when the cambium is active. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key benefits of proper drying of crude drugs?

<p>It helps resist microbial growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of drying helps to retain the natural color and volatile principles of some drugs?

<p>Natural drying in the shade. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about harvesting methods is NOT correct?

<p>Mechanical devices are preferred for all types of harvesting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method used for drying drugs that are sensitive to high temperatures?

<p>Oven-drying. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is selective collection important during the harvesting of crude drugs?

<p>It ensures only the best quality materials are harvested. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why crude drugs need proper preparation before marketing?

<p>To stabilize them in transport and storage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of processing crude drugs involves removing impurities before marketing?

<p>Garbling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of the plant's lifecycle should underground parts like roots and rhizomes be collected?

<p>At the end of flowering and fruiting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one drawback of collecting wild plants for crude drugs?

<p>It can lead to incorrect identification of plants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a specific requirement for drying underground plant parts?

<p>They should be cleaned and dried in the shade or at 30°C. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical aspect should collectors consider when harvesting medicinal plants?

<p>The demand for crude drugs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does pharmacognosy play between different medical systems?

<p>It forms a vital link between Ayurveda and Allopathic systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the preparation and processing of crude drugs?

<p>Fermentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant contribution of pharmacognosy to the development of pharmaceuticals?

<p>It aids in the extraction and characterization of natural substances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who isolated morphine from opium poppy and when?

<p>Segium in 1804 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug was introduced as an antimalarial after being isolated from cinchona?

<p>Quinine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly defines the scope of pharmacognosy?

<p>It includes crude drugs from various sources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does pharmacognosy play in relation to pharmacology and medicinal chemistry?

<p>It provides a critical link between the two. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable result of the advancements in phytochemistry and pharmacological testing?

<p>New plant drugs are produced as purified phytochemicals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of modern pharmacognosy?

<p>To study and utilize naturally occurring substances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is NOT an area of study within pharmacognosy?

<p>Novels based on drug history (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Morphine Isolation

Morphine, a pain-relieving compound, was first separated from opium poppy in 1804 by Segium. It was later introduced as a medicine in 1818.

Quinine Extraction

Quinine, effective against malaria, was isolated from cinchona bark by Pelletier in 1820. It became an antimalarial drug in 1825.

Penicillin Discovery

Penicillin, an antibiotic, was discovered in 1922 by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium notatum fungus.

Pharmacognosy's Focus

Pharmacognosy studies the active ingredients of natural sources, like plants, animals, and minerals, used in medicine.

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Pharmacognosy's Importance

Pharmacognosy is essential because it explores and develops a wide range of natural substances used in medicine.

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Pharmacognosy's Link

Pharmacognosy connects pharmacology, the study of drug action, with medicinal chemistry, the design of drugs.

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Phytochemistry's Impact

Advances in phytochemistry and drug testing have led to the development of new plant-based medicines, often in purified forms.

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Pharmacognosy's Foundation

Pharmacognosy underpins the creation of new drugs, as many crude drugs are used for traditional medicines or as sources of important compounds.

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Pharmacognosy

A branch of bioscience that studies crude drugs from natural sources, focusing on their biological, biochemical, and therapeutic features.

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Crude Drugs

Raw, unprocessed materials derived from plants, animals, and minerals, used in medicine.

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What does Pharmacognosy focus on?

Pharmacognosy studies the history, distribution, cultivation, collection, processing, preservation, physical and chemical properties, and therapeutic uses of crude drugs.

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What is the origin of 'Pharmacognosy'?

The term 'Pharmacognosy' was coined in 1815 by the German scientist, C.A.Seydler, while studying Sarsaparilla.

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Where does the word 'Pharmacognosy' come from?

The word 'Pharmacognosy' comes from the Greek words 'Pharmacon' (drug) and 'Gnosis' (knowledge).

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What are some examples of traditional medicinal systems that rely on plants?

Examples include Ayurveda (India), Unani (India), and traditional Chinese medicine.

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When did the use of plants for medicinal purposes start?

The use of plants for medicine dates back to ancient times, long before the beginning of the Christian era.

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How has the use of crude drugs evolved?

In the past, most medicines were derived from plants. Today, many active substances are identified and used in the form of extracts or purified compounds.

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What is Pharmacognosy's role?

Pharmacognosy bridges the gap between natural resources and pharmaceutical applications, allowing for the development of medicines from plants, animals, and minerals.

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Why prepare crude drugs?

Preparing crude drugs ensures their quality, stability, and effectiveness for use in medicines. This involves processes like drying, cleaning, and packaging.

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Harvesting medicinal plants

Harvesting medicinal plants involves collecting parts with the highest concentration of active components. This should be done strategically to ensure the plant's survival.

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Drawbacks of wild plant collection

Collecting from wild plants is inefficient, unreliable, and may lead to wrong identification due to lack of expertise. This can be dangerous as misidentification can result in poisonous drugs.

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When to harvest underground parts?

Roots, bulbs, and rhizomes are best harvested at the end of flowering and fruiting, as their active compounds are likely to be concentrated at this stage.

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Harvesting summer plants

Harvesting underground parts in summer can harm the plant's survival and regeneration in the next season.

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Harvesting fruits and flowers

Fruits and flowers should be collected individually after reaching maturity, ensuring they possess the optimal amount of active compounds.

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Harvesting annual stems

Annual stems are best harvested after flowering begins, cutting them 5-10 cm above the ground to allow for regrowth.

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Harvesting

The process of collecting medicinal plants or their parts, often at specific growth stages for optimal chemical content.

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Selective Drug Collection

Choosing the right parts of plants or animals to harvest for medicinal use, ensuring only the desired compounds are obtained.

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Drying Methods

Techniques used to remove moisture from harvested materials, preserving their medicinal value and preventing spoilage.

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Natural Drying

Using sunlight or shade to dry medicinal plants, preserving natural color and volatile compounds.

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Artificial Drying

Employing controlled heat sources, like ovens or vacuum-drying methods, to dry medicinal materials.

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Oven-Drying

A controlled heat drying method suitable for heat-sensitive medicinal materials, like barks or tea.

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Vacuum-Drying

A method that removes moisture rapidly but gently under reduced pressure, preventing heat damage to medicinal materials.

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Spray-Drying

A quick drying method where medicinal extracts are sprayed into heated air, forming fine particles.

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De-humidifying (drying)

A method of drying herbs using a dehumidifier to draw moisture out of the air, keeping the plants in a sealed room.

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Garbling

The process of removing unwanted materials, such as dirt, stems, and foreign matter, from a drug to improve its quality.

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Packing Considerations

Factors to consider when packing drugs include their physical and chemical properties, intended use, and the environment during transport and storage.

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Storage of Drugs (Moisture)

Drug storage must prevent moisture absorption as it can lead to microbial growth and decomposition of active compounds, such as in ergot.

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Storage of Drugs (Sunlight)

Drugs should be protected from direct sunlight, which can destroy active chemical compounds.

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Storage of Drugs (Shape)

The physical form of a drug can impact its quality during storage. For example, colophony is best preserved in its whole form, while powdered ergot can become rancid.

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Drug Preservation

Protecting drugs from insect and mold damage during storage. This involves drying the drugs properly and using fumigants like methyl bromide, carbon disulfide, and hydrocyanic acid.

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Cold Storage for Drugs

Storing drugs at low temperatures to prevent decomposition, especially for costly phytopharmaceuticals. They are often kept in closed containers in a refrigerator.

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Decoction

A preparation method for plant parts like roots, rhizomes, barks, and berries. The crude drug is boiled in water, cooled, and filtered to extract active principles.

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Maceration

A method for extracting active principles from drugs that are not soluble in cold water. The drug is soaked in cold water for a prolonged time to release its constituents.

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Infusion

A dilute solution made by soaking readily soluble plant parts like leaves, flowers, or fruits in water, either hot or cold, to extract their active principles. This creates a medicinal or refreshing drink.

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What are cold and hot infusions?

These are two types of infusions. Cold infusions use cold water, while hot infusions use hot water to extract active principles from plant materials.

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Why is drying important for drug storage?

Drying drugs before storage is essential to prevent insect and mold attacks. Moisture can promote their growth and damage the drugs.

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What are the methods used to extract active principles from medicinal plants?

The common methods include decoction, maceration, and infusion, each tailored for specific plant parts and active principles.

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Study Notes

Introduction

  • Pharmacognosy is a branch of bioscience that studies crude drugs from plants, animals, and minerals, focusing on their biological, biochemical, and therapeutic features.
  • It includes knowledge of a drug's history, distribution, cultivation, collection, processing, preservation, physical, chemical, and structural characteristics, and use.
  • Also includes other materials used in pharmacy, like suspending, disintegrating and flavouring agents; and substances like antibiotics, allergens, hallucinogens, immunizing agents, etc.
  • The term "Pharmacognosy" was coined by C.A. Seydler in 1815, combining the Greek words "Pharmacon" (drug) and "gnosis" (knowledge).

History of Pharmacognosy

  • The origin of pharmacognosy is unclear, but the use of plants for medicinal purposes dates back to ancient times, predating recorded history.
  • Ancient civilizations like Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, and Greek used medicinal plants long before the Christian era.
  • Early medicinal knowledge was passed down orally and later written on various materials, including stone, clay, and paper.

Reason for Studying Pharmacognosy

  • Crude drugs have been used for medicinal purposes for centuries and there is no doubt that the profession of medicine developed in the 12th century, leading to increased trade of crude drugs.
  • Adulteration of drugs occurred which demanded descriptions of plants and animals used for medicinal purposes, and crude drugs obtained from them.
  • Examples include the publication and use of medicinal plant books, like Robert Bentley's volumes.

Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy

  • Includes a detailed study of crude drugs from plants, animals, and minerals.
  • Covers other substances used by doctors and pharmacists, such as synthetic sutures and surgical dressings.

Collection and Processing of Crude Drugs

  • Crude drugs need preparation before marketing, including stabilization in transportation and storage, ensuring the absence of foreign material, and preparing them for pharmaceutical value.
  • Different methods are used for collection and processing, including selective collection of wild plants, drying, sorting, and packing to meet pharmacopoeial requirements.

Methods of Plant Collection

  • Collection methods vary with the plant part being collected (e.g., underground parts, fruits, flowers, leaves, barks).
  • Collection times are important to ensure the plant parts haven't lost effectiveness.
  • Skilled workers and selective collection are vital to ensure efficient and scientific methods.

Drying

  • Drying is critical for preserving crude drugs, ensuring longer shelf life and inhibiting microbial growth.
  • Natural drying (sun drying) and artificial drying (oven or vacuum drying) methods are employed.
  • The choice of drying method depends on the characteristics of the drug.

Garbling

  • Removing dirt and other foreign materials from the crude drug is called garbling.
  • This ensures product quality and avoids impurities in the drug.

Packing

  • Proper packing is essential for maintaining the quality of crude drugs during transportation and storage.
  • Factors like the nature of the drug, climatic conditions during transport and storage, and its ultimate use are considered.
  • Materials like goatskin, kerosene tins, closed containers, gunny bags are used for packing different types of crude drugs.

Storage of Drugs

  • Drugs can absorb moisture and undergo microbial growth or decomposition during storage.
  • Light and temperature are also factors that can affect the quality of certain crude drugs.
  • Appropriate storage conditions are essential to preserve the quality and effectiveness of the crude drugs.

Processing of Crude Drugs

  • Preparing crude drugs involves various procedures to extract, purify, and prepare them for medicinal use.
  • Methods include decoction, maceration, infusion, and juice extraction to prepare herbal dosage forms.
  • These processes extract the active chemical components from the plant for potential use in medicines.

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