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What is the primary focus of pharmacognosy?
What is the primary focus of pharmacognosy?
What Greek words form the basis of the term 'pharmacognosy'?
What Greek words form the basis of the term 'pharmacognosy'?
Which ancient civilization is credited with one of the oldest herbal medicine texts?
Which ancient civilization is credited with one of the oldest herbal medicine texts?
Which of the following is NOT included in the study of pharmacognosy?
Which of the following is NOT included in the study of pharmacognosy?
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Which ancient system of medicine is primarily based on the use of plants?
Which ancient system of medicine is primarily based on the use of plants?
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Which of the following describes a primary need that the plant kingdom serves for humanity?
Which of the following describes a primary need that the plant kingdom serves for humanity?
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What year was the term 'pharmacognosy' coined by C.A. Seydler?
What year was the term 'pharmacognosy' coined by C.A. Seydler?
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What does pharmacognosy encompass besides the study of crude drugs?
What does pharmacognosy encompass besides the study of crude drugs?
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What is the primary purpose of the garbling process in drug preparation?
What is the primary purpose of the garbling process in drug preparation?
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Which of the following drugs is specifically mentioned as being vacuum-dried?
Which of the following drugs is specifically mentioned as being vacuum-dried?
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What conditions should be considered while packing drugs?
What conditions should be considered while packing drugs?
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Which drying method utilizes no heat and is expensive but effective?
Which drying method utilizes no heat and is expensive but effective?
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Which material is specified for packing Aloe?
Which material is specified for packing Aloe?
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How can rancidity in lard be prevented during storage?
How can rancidity in lard be prevented during storage?
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What consequence can excessive moisture exposure have on drugs?
What consequence can excessive moisture exposure have on drugs?
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To prevent the destruction of active compounds, how should drugs be stored?
To prevent the destruction of active compounds, how should drugs be stored?
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What is the primary purpose of drying drugs before storage?
What is the primary purpose of drying drugs before storage?
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Which method is used for extracting substances from woody parts of medicinal plants?
Which method is used for extracting substances from woody parts of medicinal plants?
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What type of storage conditions is most suitable for costly phytopharmaceuticals?
What type of storage conditions is most suitable for costly phytopharmaceuticals?
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Which of the following statements about maceration is correct?
Which of the following statements about maceration is correct?
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Infusion is mostly suitable for which part of the plants?
Infusion is mostly suitable for which part of the plants?
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What type of drug is typically prepared using the infusion method?
What type of drug is typically prepared using the infusion method?
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Why should wooden boxes and paper bags not be used for drug storage?
Why should wooden boxes and paper bags not be used for drug storage?
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Which of the following describes decoction accurately?
Which of the following describes decoction accurately?
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What is the primary reason for collecting leaves at a young stage?
What is the primary reason for collecting leaves at a young stage?
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Which method is specifically mentioned for collecting milky latex?
Which method is specifically mentioned for collecting milky latex?
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When are barks typically collected, and why is this timing important?
When are barks typically collected, and why is this timing important?
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What is one of the key benefits of proper drying of crude drugs?
What is one of the key benefits of proper drying of crude drugs?
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Which method of drying helps to retain the natural color and volatile principles of some drugs?
Which method of drying helps to retain the natural color and volatile principles of some drugs?
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Which of the following statements about harvesting methods is NOT correct?
Which of the following statements about harvesting methods is NOT correct?
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What is a common method used for drying drugs that are sensitive to high temperatures?
What is a common method used for drying drugs that are sensitive to high temperatures?
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Why is selective collection important during the harvesting of crude drugs?
Why is selective collection important during the harvesting of crude drugs?
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What is one reason why crude drugs need proper preparation before marketing?
What is one reason why crude drugs need proper preparation before marketing?
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Which method of processing crude drugs involves removing impurities before marketing?
Which method of processing crude drugs involves removing impurities before marketing?
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During which stage of the plant's lifecycle should underground parts like roots and rhizomes be collected?
During which stage of the plant's lifecycle should underground parts like roots and rhizomes be collected?
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What is one drawback of collecting wild plants for crude drugs?
What is one drawback of collecting wild plants for crude drugs?
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What is a specific requirement for drying underground plant parts?
What is a specific requirement for drying underground plant parts?
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What critical aspect should collectors consider when harvesting medicinal plants?
What critical aspect should collectors consider when harvesting medicinal plants?
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What role does pharmacognosy play between different medical systems?
What role does pharmacognosy play between different medical systems?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the preparation and processing of crude drugs?
Which of the following is NOT part of the preparation and processing of crude drugs?
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What was the significant contribution of pharmacognosy to the development of pharmaceuticals?
What was the significant contribution of pharmacognosy to the development of pharmaceuticals?
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Who isolated morphine from opium poppy and when?
Who isolated morphine from opium poppy and when?
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Which drug was introduced as an antimalarial after being isolated from cinchona?
Which drug was introduced as an antimalarial after being isolated from cinchona?
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Which statement correctly defines the scope of pharmacognosy?
Which statement correctly defines the scope of pharmacognosy?
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What role does pharmacognosy play in relation to pharmacology and medicinal chemistry?
What role does pharmacognosy play in relation to pharmacology and medicinal chemistry?
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What is a notable result of the advancements in phytochemistry and pharmacological testing?
What is a notable result of the advancements in phytochemistry and pharmacological testing?
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What is the primary focus of modern pharmacognosy?
What is the primary focus of modern pharmacognosy?
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Which one of the following is NOT an area of study within pharmacognosy?
Which one of the following is NOT an area of study within pharmacognosy?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- Pharmacognosy is a branch of bioscience that studies crude drugs from plants, animals, and minerals, focusing on their biological, biochemical, and therapeutic features.
- It includes knowledge of a drug's history, distribution, cultivation, collection, processing, preservation, physical, chemical, and structural characteristics, and use.
- Also includes other materials used in pharmacy, like suspending, disintegrating and flavouring agents; and substances like antibiotics, allergens, hallucinogens, immunizing agents, etc.
- The term "Pharmacognosy" was coined by C.A. Seydler in 1815, combining the Greek words "Pharmacon" (drug) and "gnosis" (knowledge).
History of Pharmacognosy
- The origin of pharmacognosy is unclear, but the use of plants for medicinal purposes dates back to ancient times, predating recorded history.
- Ancient civilizations like Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, and Greek used medicinal plants long before the Christian era.
- Early medicinal knowledge was passed down orally and later written on various materials, including stone, clay, and paper.
Reason for Studying Pharmacognosy
- Crude drugs have been used for medicinal purposes for centuries and there is no doubt that the profession of medicine developed in the 12th century, leading to increased trade of crude drugs.
- Adulteration of drugs occurred which demanded descriptions of plants and animals used for medicinal purposes, and crude drugs obtained from them.
- Examples include the publication and use of medicinal plant books, like Robert Bentley's volumes.
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
- Includes a detailed study of crude drugs from plants, animals, and minerals.
- Covers other substances used by doctors and pharmacists, such as synthetic sutures and surgical dressings.
Collection and Processing of Crude Drugs
- Crude drugs need preparation before marketing, including stabilization in transportation and storage, ensuring the absence of foreign material, and preparing them for pharmaceutical value.
- Different methods are used for collection and processing, including selective collection of wild plants, drying, sorting, and packing to meet pharmacopoeial requirements.
Methods of Plant Collection
- Collection methods vary with the plant part being collected (e.g., underground parts, fruits, flowers, leaves, barks).
- Collection times are important to ensure the plant parts haven't lost effectiveness.
- Skilled workers and selective collection are vital to ensure efficient and scientific methods.
Drying
- Drying is critical for preserving crude drugs, ensuring longer shelf life and inhibiting microbial growth.
- Natural drying (sun drying) and artificial drying (oven or vacuum drying) methods are employed.
- The choice of drying method depends on the characteristics of the drug.
Garbling
- Removing dirt and other foreign materials from the crude drug is called garbling.
- This ensures product quality and avoids impurities in the drug.
Packing
- Proper packing is essential for maintaining the quality of crude drugs during transportation and storage.
- Factors like the nature of the drug, climatic conditions during transport and storage, and its ultimate use are considered.
- Materials like goatskin, kerosene tins, closed containers, gunny bags are used for packing different types of crude drugs.
Storage of Drugs
- Drugs can absorb moisture and undergo microbial growth or decomposition during storage.
- Light and temperature are also factors that can affect the quality of certain crude drugs.
- Appropriate storage conditions are essential to preserve the quality and effectiveness of the crude drugs.
Processing of Crude Drugs
- Preparing crude drugs involves various procedures to extract, purify, and prepare them for medicinal use.
- Methods include decoction, maceration, infusion, and juice extraction to prepare herbal dosage forms.
- These processes extract the active chemical components from the plant for potential use in medicines.
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