30 Questions
What is the primary function of phospholipase C in the G-protein-coupled receptor signalling pathway?
To cleave PIP2 into IP3 and DAG
What is the effect of increased cytosol [Ca2+] on the IP3 receptor and ryanodine receptor?
It inhibits the receptors at a delayed time
What is the role of diacylglycerol in the G-protein-coupled receptor signalling pathway?
It helps to activate protein kinase C
What is the effect of G-protein Gaq activation on phospholipase C?
It activates phospholipase C
What is the function of the Ca2+ pumps on the surface of the plasma membrane?
To decrease the concentration of Ca2+ in the cytosol
What is the effect of IP3 binding to the IP3 receptor on the surface of the ER?
It opens the Ca2+ channels
Which mitochondrial enzyme is responsible for the deamination of L-Glutamate?
L-Glutamate dehydrogenase
What is the primary function of transamination in amino acid metabolism?
To break down essential amino acids into non-essential amino acids
What is the byproduct of the reaction where L-Glutamate's amino group is transferred to oxaloacetate?
Aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate
What is the coenzyme required for the enzyme decarboxylase?
Pyridoxal phosphate
What is the primary function of decarboxylation in amino acid metabolism?
To remove carbon dioxide from amino acids, forming amines
What is the term used to describe the process of converting purines and their ribonucleosides to mononucleotides?
Salvage reaction
What is the role of thymidylate synthase in pyrimidine synthesis?
Conversion of dUMP to dTMP
What is the primary function of hyaluronan in the extracellular matrix?
Forming a water-hydrated gel
Which of the following proteins plays a role in connecting the extracellular matrix to integrin?
Fibronectin
What is the dynamic nature of the extracellular matrix related to?
Its constant remodeling and turnover
What is the primary function of collagen in the extracellular matrix?
Providing tensile strength
What is the role of the extracellular matrix in gene regulation?
It directly regulates gene expression
What is the primary function of Integrins in cell-matrix adhesion?
To receive signals from the ECM and transmit them to the cytoskeleton
What is the characteristic of Integrins that allows them to bind with the ECM?
Low-affinity binding that is dependent on Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions
What is the role of the transmembrane domain of Integrins?
To cross the cell membrane
What is the characteristic of the extracellular domain of Integrins?
It binds with the ECM with low affinity
What is the function of the cytoplasmic domain of Integrins?
To transmit signals to the cytoskeleton
What is the term for the type of receptor that Integrins belong to?
Homologous transmembrane cell-matrix adhesion receptor
What is the result of crossing over during Prophase I?
The homologues break at identical locations and rejoin with opposite partners.
What is the outcome of independent assortment in Metaphase I?
The maternal and paternal sets of chromosomes combine randomly, resulting in genetic variation.
How many different combinations of genes can be produced in gametes from Mom and Dad through independent assortment?
2^23
What is the main difference between Meiosis and Mitosis?
Meiosis produces genetically different cells, while Mitosis produces genetically identical cells.
What is the outcome of genetic recombination in Meiosis?
The gametes of offspring have a different combination of genes than the gametes from parents.
What is the purpose of genetic shuffling in Meiosis?
To produce genetically different cells.
Test your understanding of the G-protein signaling pathway, including the binding of extracellular signal molecules to G-protein receptors, activation of phospholipase C, and the generation of second messengers. Learn how IP3 and DAG trigger downstream effects, including calcium release and protein phosphorylation. Gauge your knowledge of this crucial cellular signaling mechanism.
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