G-Protein Signaling Pathway

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What is the primary function of phospholipase C in the G-protein-coupled receptor signalling pathway?

To activate protein kinase C
To catalyze the formation of PIP2 from DAG and IP3
To cleave PIP2 into IP3 and DAG (correct)
To hydrolyze IP3 into DAG

What is the effect of increased cytosol [Ca2+] on the IP3 receptor and ryanodine receptor?

It opens the channels permanently
It inhibits the receptors at a delayed time (correct)
It causes the receptors to bind with DAG
It has no effect on the receptors

What is the role of diacylglycerol in the G-protein-coupled receptor signalling pathway?

It helps to activate protein kinase C (correct)
It is an inhibitor of phospholipase C
It binds with IP3 receptor to open Ca2+ channels
It is broken down into PIP2

What is the effect of G-protein Gaq activation on phospholipase C?

It activates phospholipase C (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Ca2+ pumps on the surface of the plasma membrane?

To decrease the concentration of Ca2+ in the cytosol (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of IP3 binding to the IP3 receptor on the surface of the ER?

It opens the Ca2+ channels (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which mitochondrial enzyme is responsible for the deamination of L-Glutamate?

L-Glutamate dehydrogenase (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transamination in amino acid metabolism?

To break down essential amino acids into non-essential amino acids (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of the reaction where L-Glutamate's amino group is transferred to oxaloacetate?

Aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the coenzyme required for the enzyme decarboxylase?

Pyridoxal phosphate (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of decarboxylation in amino acid metabolism?

To remove carbon dioxide from amino acids, forming amines (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process of converting purines and their ribonucleosides to mononucleotides?

Salvage reaction (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of thymidylate synthase in pyrimidine synthesis?

Conversion of dUMP to dTMP (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hyaluronan in the extracellular matrix?

Forming a water-hydrated gel (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins plays a role in connecting the extracellular matrix to integrin?

Fibronectin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the dynamic nature of the extracellular matrix related to?

Its constant remodeling and turnover (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of collagen in the extracellular matrix?

Providing tensile strength (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the extracellular matrix in gene regulation?

It directly regulates gene expression (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Integrins in cell-matrix adhesion?

To receive signals from the ECM and transmit them to the cytoskeleton (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Integrins that allows them to bind with the ECM?

Low-affinity binding that is dependent on Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the transmembrane domain of Integrins?

To cross the cell membrane (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the extracellular domain of Integrins?

It binds with the ECM with low affinity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cytoplasmic domain of Integrins?

To transmit signals to the cytoskeleton (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of receptor that Integrins belong to?

Homologous transmembrane cell-matrix adhesion receptor (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of crossing over during Prophase I?

The homologues break at identical locations and rejoin with opposite partners. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of independent assortment in Metaphase I?

The maternal and paternal sets of chromosomes combine randomly, resulting in genetic variation. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many different combinations of genes can be produced in gametes from Mom and Dad through independent assortment?

2^23 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Meiosis and Mitosis?

Meiosis produces genetically different cells, while Mitosis produces genetically identical cells. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of genetic recombination in Meiosis?

The gametes of offspring have a different combination of genes than the gametes from parents. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of genetic shuffling in Meiosis?

To produce genetically different cells. (D) Signup and view all the answers