Oefen tt EUGIC

History of European Integration

• Victor Hugo envisioned seamless travel across European cities, symbolizing unity as within one country.
• The United States served as a model for European integration, particularly regarding federalism.
• Federalism involves individual states maintaining autonomy, but also cooperating under a central government
• The question arose whether Europe could adopt a similar federal model to relinquish national sovereignty to ensure economic, social, and political stability.
• After WWI, the Pan-Europa Movement advocated European federalism to prevent war, envisioning a "United States of Europe." Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi founded the Pan-European Movement in 1923.
• The movement advocated for cooperation among democracies to resolve war and conflict.
• Winston Churchill advocated for European integration during WWII to prevent conflict, citing the Treaty of Dunkirk as an example.
• Resistance against Nazi Germany laid the foundation for post-war collaboration.
• David Mitrany developed the concept of functionalism, proposing cooperation in specific sectors to promote political unity.
• Mitrany believed practical collaboration would build cross-border trust and lead to lasting peace.

Post-WWII Developments

• 1946: Churchill's speech on a United Europe promoted a "United States of Europe" for lasting peace.
• 1947: The Treaty of Dunkirk was signed, establishing a military alliance between France and Britain.
• 1948: The Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was established to coordinate U.S. financial aid under the Marshall Plan
• The OEEC stimulated cooperation among European nations and aided economic integration by distributing aid collectively.
• 1948: The Congress of Europe in The Hague, chaired by Winston Churchill, advocated federalism and European unity.
• The Congress of Europe Provided critical momentum for European integration by envisioning a unified and cooperative future.
• The Congress of Europe had three objectives: demonstrate public support for unity, address challenges and propose solutions, and boost publicity.
• The Congress of Europe Suggested the creation of institutions like the European Centre for Culture, College of Europe, Council of Europe, and the European Convention on Human Rights.
• 1948: The Soviet Union blockaded West Berlin, underscoring Cold War tensions and emphasizing the need for a united Western response.
• The Berlin Blockade led to the formation of NATO.
• 1948: The Treaty of Brussels was signed, establishing a mutual defense agreement among several European countries.
• The treaty of Brussels evolved into the Western European Union after 1954, emphasizing collective security.
• 1949: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was signed, forming a collective security alliance against Soviet aggression.
• NATO signified a major step in transatlantic cooperation and military alliance among the U.S., Canada, and European nations.
• 1949: The Statute of the Council of Europe was signed, establishing a framework for cooperation in human rights and democracy, leading to the ECHR.
• The ECHR allows individuals to bring cases against their governments for human rights violations, establishing human rights protection across Europe.

Founding European Communities

• 1950: The Schuman Declaration proposed pooling coal and steel production under a supranational authority to ensure peace and prevent future wars through integrating economies.
• 1951: The Treaty of Paris established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) among France, West Germany, Italy, and Benelux countries.
• 1952: The European Defence Community (EDC) was signed to create a pan-European military force under supranational control to counter the Soviet Union and conflict.
• 1954: The EDC was rejected by the French Parliament due to concerns over national sovereignty and German rearmament.
• 1953: A Draft treaty for a European Political Community (EPC) was adopted, linked to the EDC, which also failed.
• 1954: The Western European Union (WEU) was established to coordinate European defense and security policies, evolving from the Treaty of Brussels.
• The WEU Played a role in fostering cooperation during the Cold War, bridging the gap between NATO and European integration efforts.
• 1955: Western Germany acceded to NATO.
• 1957: The Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), marking a shift towards economic integration.
• 1959: The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was established by Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK.
• The EEC and EFTA divided Europe into the "inner Six" and "outer Seven", representing differing approaches to European cooperation.

Years of Economic Crisis

• 1963: the Elysée Treaty was signed, symbolizing Franco-German friendship aimed at reconciliation.
• The Elysée Treaty laid the groundwork for bilateral cooperation to support European integration.
• 1963: The UK, Denmark, Ireland, and Norway applied for membership, but the UK faced repeated rejections from French President Charles de Gaulle.
• De Gaulle feared that British accession would undermine European integration.
• Norway rejected joining in a referendum in 1972.
• 1965: the Empty Chair Crisis began because of disagreements over financing the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).
• 1966: The Luxembourg Compromise ended this crisis by allowing member states to veto proposals threatening vital national interests.
• The Luxembourg Compromise Resolved decision-making conflicts in the EU by balancing national sovereignty and European unity.
• 1973: The UK, Denmark, and Ireland joined the EU in its first enlargement.
• 1975: The UK held its first referendum on EU membership, with 67% voting to remain.
• 1981: Margaret Thatcher delivered a speech emphasizing Britain's commitment to European cooperation but rejecting centralized power and a "European super-state."
• 1985: The UK rebate was introduced to reduce British contributions to the EU budget due to the relatively low return from EU agricultural subsidies.
• Financial mechanisms were negotiated by Margaret Thatcher to reduce British contributions to the EU budget, emphasizing fairness in setting a precedent for other renegotiations.

Deepening and Widening Integration

• Deepening refers to the intensification of integration processes, such as acquiring collective debt during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Widening relates to enlarging the EU by increasing the scope of Union competences, such as the accession of Albania or North Macedonia.
• 1985: the European Council agreed to establish a Single Market.
• 1986: the Single European Act was signed, providing the treaty basis for European Political Cooperation (EPC) that would enter enforce in 1987.
• The Single Market was established in 1992.
• 1993: The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union, expanding the scope of integration, reforming institutions, and bringing about the European Monetary Union (EMU).
• The Maastricht Treaty brought together the EEC, ECSC, and Euratom, initiating cooperation on Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Justice and Home Affairs (JHA), creating 'three pillars' of integration.
• 1997: the Amsterdam Treaty entered into force in May 1999, adding the establishment of an area of freedom, security, and justice (AFSJ) to the EU's objectives.
• The Amsterdam Treaty shifted Justice and Home Affairs activity from Pillar III to Pillar I (Communitarisation) while incorporating Schengen cooperation.
• Some of the EU member states, like the UK, Ireland, and Denmark gained opt-outs.
• 1999: The European and Monetary Union (EMU) and introduction of the euro.
• 2001: The Treaty of Nice, which entered into force in February 2003, aimed to reform the institutional structure to withstand new enlargement challenges while introducing weighted voting.

Treaty of Nice's Limitations & Future Debate

• The Nice Treaty MS power decreased with the MS get a number of votes depending on the size of population, weighted voting ensures that smaller countries have a higher relative share of votes to its size, ensuring their voices are heard.
• Seats in the European Parliament increased from 700 to 732.
• Powers of the EP were increased.
• The Nice Treaty could not address the challenges of larger growth
• 2001-2004: A debate on the Future of Europe was launched, along with the European Convention.
• 2003: A Constitutional Treaty was proposed, introducing fundamental rights and clauses on a President if the EU and a Foreign Minister.
• The Constitutional Treaty faced controversy and failed after being rejected in referendums in France and the Netherlands.
• 2007: The Lisbon Treaty was signed, instead, entering into force in December 2009 after altering the Treaty on the European Union and streamlining decision-making.
• The Lisbon Treaty Made the EU Charter of the Fundamental Rights a binding legal element Includes clauses President of the EU but used High Representative instead of Foreign Minister.

Widening European Integration

• The original six members were France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
• 1973: the first enlargement included the UK, Ireland (neutral), and Denmark (Norway).
• The First group of members to access from the European Free Trade Association.
• 1981: Greece joined during the second enlargement (crisis).
• 1987: the Third: Mediterranean accession: Spain and Portugal (trade openings to Latin America)
• 1995: the Fourth enlargement: Austria, Finland, and Sweden was the second group of members to access.
• 2004: the Fifth enlargement: added Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenian → Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs)
• 2007: Bulgaria and Romania joined.
• 2013: Croatia joined (first after financial crisis of 2008)
• Accession by a new group of members is followed by a treaty foreseeing deeper integration.
• There are also modes of outsider cooperation such as with Schengen and bilateral agreements with Switzerland.
• Candidate countries: Albania, the Republic of North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey, Ukraine & Moldova.
• Potential candidates: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Georgia

Current Crises

• Military conflict in Europe challenges stability.
• Brexit: The UK's departure removed a nuclear power and UN Security Council seat from the EU and resolved a frequently blocking member issue.
• Financial and migration crises strain EU cohesion due to varied member state responses.
• The Ongoing COVID-19 pandemic presented health and economic problems for the EU.
• Calls for a European army and a reassessment of NATO's role have prompted defense concerns.

Theorising European Integration

• The EU is a unique political system, identified as an Unidentified Political Object (UPO), with political scientists trying to categorize it.
• The goal: the EU makes it impossible to start a war and is one of the centers of global power.
• The Relationship Between the EU and Member States draws historically from forms of governance such as confederations to empires. Statehood reflects modernity's shaping of nation-states and how the EU builds upon and diverges from traditional forms.
• The EU represents collective identity beyond physical borders, much like the formation of nations.
• Symbiosis vs. Rivalry ensures mutual benefit through cooperation, drawing from historical governance forms.
• Sovereignty redefined as shared and integrates historical models with modern realities.
• Maastricht Treaty marked the formal start of the EU, establishing shared identity for Europe through symbols of the EU flag, for examples.
• European nation-states formed a symbiotic relationship within the EU to strengthen global presence

EU Integration Models

• Federalism: advocates the replacement of national states with a supra-state "United States of Europe" to overcome nationalism. Intergovernmentalism: maintains that states' core sovereignty should stay protected Integration in practice: Member states delegate tasks to Brussels if it favors national interests.
• Liberal Intergovernmentalism highlights the role of national preferences, intergovernmental bargaining, and delegation of authority to EU institutions.
• Economic benefits and strategic negotiations lead states to integrate deeper while guarding their interests.
• Functionalism- Neo-functionalism promotes non-political integration to make war impossible.
• Neo-functionalism emphasis: Gradual Integration promotes cooperation in areas like joining of the ECSC to the EEC to the Single Market. Elite Socialization/ loyalty shifting.
• Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus highlights public skepticism limiting integration.
• Neo-Functionalism Predictions emphasize: all member states lead to political integration via elite socialization + lead to gradual economic steps. Europeanization is the constructivist view where norms, values & interests evolve under specific conditions.
• EU-Policy Making occurs through: up top uploading, and top-down downloading.
• Norm Internalization E.g. safeguarding industrial legislation.
• De-Europeansation: Reverseral of EU norms Multi level governance separate International/Domestic politics

EU Institutions

• The European Commission proposes laws, implements policies, and manages the budget - it is the executive branch and aims to protect EU law.
• Each of 27 Commissioners manages portfolios, has a cabinet, and heads a Directorate-General.
• The High Representative/Vice President leads EU foreign policy.
• The Council of the European Union decides on legislative proposals and represents member state governments and is comprised of ministers.
• The COREPER performs daily meetings for Council decisions.
• The European Council provides strategic direction and addresses high-level disputes, comprised of heads of state/government.
• The presidency is a fixed-term role of 2.5 years
• The European Parliament is the legislative branch with budgetary powers and supervision over institutions, directly elected every five years.
• The European Parliament 705 Members sit by political allegiance, not by nationality.
• The European Parliament Representatives elected according to national quota.
• The Court of Justice of the European Union ensures uniform application of EU law and provides preliminary rulings at the request of national courts.
• Subsidiary Institutions: manage Euro, budget, and external action.

EU Decision-Making

• Primary EU Law: treaties like Rome, Maastricht, and Lisbon, are internationally negotiated and binding.
• Secondary EU Law: legislation created by EU institutions, binding on member states, regulated non-binding decisions.
• Acquis Communautaire: a collection of new member states that must accept entirely.
• The Pillar Structure of the EU (introduced by Maastricht) removed by Lisbon
• European Communities (legislation follows the Community Method

CFSP - Decision-Making

• Focuses on a EU’s foreign relations
• Decisions are Intergovernmental – member states must agree or consent
• European Parliament has minimal influence over the legislative power
• Used flexible Voluntary, social-policy/education
• Member states reporting results - non binding agreement, as it is voluntary

EU Law - Various forms

• Regulation: directly binding member states to the Union Directive: set binding goals, member states decide how to reach national law Decision: binding/specific on the EU Opinion: non-binding, political-weight EU Recommendation: non-binding EU

EU Shortcomings & Defecits

• Permissive consensus: historically, elite-driven integration
• Weak EP role: limited influence to the EC and council
• Comitology: committees that oversee the Commission
• Citizen's initiative: citizens propose legistlation
• National parliaments: ensure compliance with subsidarity

Principle of Subsidiarity

• Laws should be closest to Citizens level unless addressed better at a EU governance level.

Stage of Economic Integration

• Free trade areas (FTA): No Internal Tariffs, Internal tariffs
• Customs Union: eliminating tariffs
• Common market

The Single Market

• Treat of Rome to seek closer union of EU
• Seek custom union agreement
• Single Europe ACT to have this set up by 1986.

Integrations Measurments

• Take Negative & possitive integration
• Negative measurements

Key Rullings for EU - Law

• 1963: Dutch Company argued that the Netherlands violated the EU Law
• 1964: Italian government ruled that law will conflict EU law
• 1979: Product sold legally will be sold to the EU (unless health risk involved)

Macro-Integration

• System will be linked
• 199-1993 -closer economic policy coordination
• 1999 establishment of the European Central bank

Concergence Critiera

• 1.5% percentage of the 3 best best member states -member states will not to the state of the 3 economic member states

Theory: Optimum Currency Area (OCA)

• economicly area by trade in goods
• Ms should only share a currency of the state and help each-other

Stability Pact

• To continue to allow to have fiscal discipline

Theory + Leverage

• Theory on Optimum: 1. Regulatroy Powers 2. Redsitrubive 3. Expenditutre

Euro-Zone

• Began in Greece 2003 and has spread
• Euro stabiulirty mechanism
• The Banking Union: strengthen by ECB

Corona Package

• Joint Barrows in US + EU in MS
• Money will be used for digital + Innovation
• Next turn in the single market + Green deal

Digital /Single Market

• Post 19-Recovery Supports

AFSJ

• Started in 1975.
• A framework for the structure of the EU.
• 92: CJHA was created and became a part of JHA
• 97: Renamed to AFSJ more supranational area
• 99: CJHA will commit to better Migrant Mgmt
• 04: Hague program to support terrorism external boarder.
• 09:Expanded CJEU for AFSJ for MS
• Temporary Border controls
• EUs AFSJ meant internal Policy/Terrorism
• External/Linked CFSP with security

AFJM Migrant

• 2014: Migration crisis with borders to other states
• Agencies did not have a capacity + integrity for the policy
• EU/Turkey deal to reduce migration to the M.e
• Aid-in-return migration to Tunis nationals
• Pact balance of responsibiltary/solidatairy/ return.
• Power Europe to help countries global+Human

Safe Migrant

• EU safe with rights, democracy, Convention-Rights
• 2021 to ensure to return to the EU

HCO Common Foreign Security

• 70s: EU has external stocks + Political Détente period + Relations to US/SU
• Uk Showing Euro Appeal + Western EU
• EC + ACP.trade/ tariff to ACP Nations
• Gas Price + Epc Economic/Political
• Q - When - Speak,Europe,lack fragmentation

1987 Single act cooperation policies

• No role to European Commission
• CFSP. formalized to improve foreign security
• 1992: European security issues
• NATO over EU role defence
• Qvm Foreign quick/ fast decisions

1990 Security in Europe

• EU need cooperation + more defence
• Nato military mission Kosovo /help to the NATO
• Balkans EU role for forces +civiallian
• 2002:Cooperation with NATO
• Security growing concern post 91/11

Key- Points of 5 Security

• 1.Growing concern to increase security
• 2.WM to become security
• 3.Countries destabilizing around EU
• 4.Crime increasing

Before + after Lisbon 20003- + military Nato Resources Balkan

• 2004 support to the control
• 2004 Facilitate + capability communication
• 19:Role to the strong policy coordination External+ Commission Secretriat

Principles of Realism

• More Defence the EU policy
• Participate if wanted -> UK
• MS can make their own decisions
• Impact to the 1. War Ukraline
• Germany increase army
• Peace with 5 Million assistance

Enlargement policy of the EU unique to what the MS

• Post new accessions + Trans- History background:
• No: power + membership
• Med Spain + Prot, 1888 -Transiton democratic/ Strong-Mediterranean
• EFTA focus rights + north
• Post-EU communism
• stability + transform communists

The Accession progress. 1. App and candidatory

• C. submit code and apply
• structure press, accession process
• Negotiations with chapters and members
• Trans power - countries for needs to benefit

Copenhagen Criteria for EU

• Benes decree the government the to get more influence
• The Russian influence

Rigatta vs Bargain

• Big Bang to get more members -
• result EU +Secuirty for Russia
• Greate reilnce nato

is EU big enough

• 27 different consensus+different priorities

• need the Eu reformer for treat treaty

• paper+ future the for +5 Scenarios future of to make it more better

###EU WITHRALL BREXIT

• No Provision exist+ Lissabon Treaty

• Exit from Greenland by Denmak

• No comfort for the UK as MS + rebate

• Rise of UkiIP + Conservative

UK had some to give EU what they not for Euro/sengon

• What to prevent-Rules for UK to allow that in EU community

WITHDRAW EU Article code

• right for withdraw from EU 1.state most notift EU Council 2.EU wlll negotitate

NEGOTIATIONS to with for Ms

• Secret Brexit Diairy complex- what this is to show /complex eu intergration. +UK minister change 3 times
• need adopt Qualified Votint in and the EU- Parlimet

EU - 2 States for member

• . The State for national of right not - the gaurenteed.
• Negotiate not conclude for Britain

After relationship is against national to everything agreed= the link is future with condittions the for ship the for

• Deal will be for

No + DEal Would BE

• for After year for after

EU Probelm

• Not sure can come for to + trade -No trade for -No marktet -desiere

• no limt

UK - for EU the no- visa the for states-

Peace+NI

• Peace in NI EU in /to the checks

• EU do the what standards

• not to desrier for the - status for /Norsea