Fungi Morphology and Reproduction

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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic distinguishes dimorphic fungi from other types of fungi?

  • Their exclusive growth in environments lacking oxygen.
  • Their ability to alternate between yeast and mold forms based on temperature. (correct)
  • Their reproduction solely through asexual budding processes.
  • Their consistent growth as multicellular organisms with septate hyphae.

What is the primary structural difference between septate and coenocytic hyphae in fungi?

  • Septate hyphae reproduce asexually, while coenocytic hyphae reproduce sexually.
  • Septate hyphae contain cross-walls, while coenocytic hyphae lack them. (correct)
  • Septate hyphae thrive in the presence of oxygen, while coenocytic hyphae prefer anaerobic conditions.
  • Septate hyphae are unicellular, while coenocytic hyphae are multicellular.

How do sporangiospores and conidia differ in their formation?

  • Sporangiospores are designed for aquatic dispersal, while conidia are for aerial dispersal.
  • Sporangiospores are produced sexually, while conidia are produced asexually.
  • Sporangiospores are formed inside a sac, while conidia are not enclosed. (correct)
  • Sporangiospores are typical of yeasts, while conidia are typical of molds.

Which type of conidia is formed by budding from a parent cell?

<p>Blastospore (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microconidia and macroconidia, while produced by the same fungus, are distinguished by what?

<p>Their size and number of cells, with microconidia being one-celled and macroconidia having two or more cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of Tinea infection?

<p>Tinea typhoidal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genus of fungi is typically associated with infections of the hair, skin, and nails?

<p>Trichophyton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is commonly referred to as 'jock itch'?

<p>Tinea cruris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily contributes to the opportunistic nature of Candida albicans infections?

<p>Suppression of the host's immune system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genus includes fungi associated with deep mycoses?

<p>Aspergillus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what key way do algae differ from protozoans?

<p>Algae are photosynthetic, while protozoans are not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with Rhodophyta (red algae)?

<p>Cell walls containing agar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do diatoms play in global ecology?

<p>They are a major source of the world’s oxygen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of protozoans?

<p>They are eukaryotic, unicellular, and lack a cell wall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the trophozoite form of a protozoan from its cyst form?

<p>The trophozoite is motile and feeding, while the cyst is dormant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cellular process occurs during schizogony in protozoans?

<p>The nucleus undergoes multiple divisions before the cell divides. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental condition is most critical for the survival of protozoans?

<p>Moist environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lichens demonstrate a symbiotic relationship?

<p>Between hyphae and cyanobacteria or green algae. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding fungi and oxygen requirements?

<p>Fungi can grow in either the presence or absence of oxygen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a porospore form?

<p>By growing out through small pores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Sporothrix schenckii significant in the context of mycoses?

<p>Because it causes sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following algae types has cell walls containing silica?

<p>Chrysophyta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a fungus produces arthrospores, how are these spores characterized?

<p>Rectangular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is commonly associated with Candida albicans in infants?

<p>Diaper rash (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the cell walls of red algae (Rhodophyta)?

<p>Agar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In protozoans, what triggers the transformation from the trophozoite stage to the cyst stage?

<p>The onset of unfavorable environmental conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genus of fungi is known to cause infections primarily in the skin and nails?

<p>Epidermophyton (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a chlamydospore from other types of conidia?

<p>Its spherical shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of algae includes members whose cell walls contain silica and are a major source of the world's oxygen?

<p>Chrysophyta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fungi reproduce sexually to achieve genetic recombination?

<p>Via a process involving genetic recombination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all protozoans?

<p>The requirement of a moist environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hyphae in lichens?

<p>To provide structure and protection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a fungus produces phialospores, how were they formed?

<p>They budded from the mouth of a vase-shaped cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the ecological role of diatoms?

<p>Major producers of oxygen in aquatic environments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of reproduction for protozoans during schizogony?

<p>Asexual reproduction with multiple nuclear divisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cellular structure of brown algae (Phaeophyta) differ from that of green algae (Chlorophyta)?

<p>The content does not specify differences in cellular structure between brown and green algae. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a deep mycosis?

<p>Aspergillosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes hyphae that lack cross-walls or septa?

<p>Coenocytic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fungal Morphological Divisions

Fungi are morphologically divided into mushrooms, yeasts, and molds.

Dimorphic Fungi

Some fungi can switch between yeast and mold forms depending on the temperature.

Septate Hyphae

Hyphae with cross-walls that divide the hyphae into distinct cells.

Coenocytic Hyphae

Hyphae lacking cross-walls, appearing as long, continuous cells with multiple nuclei.

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Fungal Reproduction

Fungi reproduce asexually through budding or sexually involving genetic recombination.

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Lichens

A symbiotic relationship between hyphae and cyanobacteria or green algae.

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Sporangiospores

Spores contained within a sac-like structure.

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Conidia (Conidiospores)

Spores not enclosed within a sac.

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Arthrospore

A rectangular asexual spore formed by the fragmentation of a hypha.

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Chlamydospore

A thick-walled, spherical asexual spore resistant to unfavorable conditions.

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Blastospore

A spore produced by budding from a parent cell.

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Phialospore

A spore that buds from the mouth of a vase-shaped cell.

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Microconidium & Macroconidium

Spores formed under different conditions; one-celled (micro) or two or more celled (macro).

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Porospore

A spore that grows out through small pores.

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Superficial Mycoses (Cutaneous Mycoses)

Fungal infections affecting the skin, hair, and nails.

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Dermatomycoses

Fungal infections caused by dermatophytes like Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum.

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Trichophyton

Fungi that commonly infect hair, skin, and nails.

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Epidermophyton

Fungi that commonly infect skin and nails.

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Microsporum

Fungi that commonly infect hair and skin.

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Tinea capitis

Ringworm of the scalp.

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Tinea corporis

Ringworm of the body.

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Tinea cruris (Jock itch)

Ringworm of the groin.

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Tinea unguium

Ringworm of the nails.

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Tinea pedis

Ringworm of the foot (Athlete's foot).

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Sporotrichosis

A fungal infection often caused by Sporothrix schenckii.

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Candidiasis

Infection caused by Candida albicans, often due to suppressed immunity.

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Deep Mycoses

Fungal infections that affect internal organs or tissues.

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Algae

Photosynthetic, aquatic organisms.

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Chlorophyta

Green algae.

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Rhodophyta

Red algae with cell walls containing agar.

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Phaeophyta

Brown algae.

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Chrysophyta

Golden and yellow-green algae, including diatoms with silica in their cell walls.

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Diatoms

Major source of the world's oxygen.

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Protozoans

Eukaryotic, unicellular organisms lacking a cell wall.

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Trophozoite

Motile, active, feeding form of a protozoan.

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Cyst

Dormant form of a protozoan, resistant to unfavorable conditions.

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Schizogony

Asexual reproduction in protozoans where the nucleus divides multiple times before the cell divides.

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Study Notes

  • Fungi are morphologically divided into mushrooms, yeasts, and molds.
  • Some fungi are dimorphic, growing as yeasts in tissues at 37°C and as molds in the natural environment and lab at 25°C.
  • Fungi can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.
  • Fungi can be multicellular (hyphae) or unicellular organisms.
  • Hyphae with cross walls (septa) are called septate hyphae.
  • Hyphae with no septa are called coenocytic hyphae.
  • Fungi reproduce asexually (budding) or sexually (genetic recombination).
  • Lichens consist of hyphae and cyanobacteria or green algae.

Asexual Spores

  • Sporangiospores are spores inside a sac (sporangium).
  • Conidia (conidiospores) are spores not enclosed by a sac.

Types of Conidia

  • Arthrospore: rectangular spore.
  • Chlamydospore: spherical spore.
  • Blastospore: buds from a parent cell.
  • Phialospore: buds from the mouth of a vase-shaped cell.
  • Microconidium and macroconidium: spores formed by the same fungus under different conditions; one cell (micro); two or more (macro).
  • Porospore: grows out through small pores.

Pathogenic Fungi

  • Superficial Mycoses (Cutaneous Mycoses).
  • Dermatomycoses: Tinea or ringworm.
    • Trichophyton: Infects hair, skin, and nails.
    • Epidermophyton: Infects skin and nails.
    • Microsporum: Infects hair and skin.
    • Tinea capitis.
    • Tinea corporis.
    • Tinea cruris (Jock itch).
    • Tinea unguium.
    • Tinea pedis (Athlete's foot).
    • Tinea versicolor.
  • Sporotrichosis: Caused by Sporothrix schenckii.
  • Candidiasis: Caused by Candida albicans.
    • May result from suppression of immunity.
    • Can manifest as genitourinary tract infections (vaginal yeast infection), diaper rash (in infants), and mouth infection (oral thrush).

Deep Mycoses

  • Examples: Aspergillus, Candida, Blastomyces, Histoplasma, Cryptococcus, Coccidioides, Paracoccidioides.

Algae

  • Photosynthetic, aquatic organisms.
  • Algae reproduce asexually and sexually.

Classification of Algae

  • Chlorophyta: green algae.
  • Rhodophyta: red algae (cell wall contains agar).
  • Phaeophyta: brown algae.
  • Chrysophyta: golden & yellow-green algae & diatoms; cell wall contains silica.
  • Diatoms are the major source of the world's O2.

Protozoans

  • Eukaryotes, unicellular, and lack a cell wall.
  • Mostly motile.
  • Require a moist environment to survive.
  • Trophozoite: motile, active, feeding form.
  • Cyst: dormant form (unfavorable environment).
  • Protozoans reproduce asexually via schizogony, where the nucleus undergoes multiple divisions before the cell divides.

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