Fungi Morphology and Reproduction

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Questions and Answers

A fungus exhibiting dimorphism can grow in which of the following forms depending on the environmental temperature?

  • Exclusively as unicellular yeast regardless of the temperature.
  • As coenocytic hyphae at lower temperatures and septate hyphae at higher temperatures.
  • As yeast in tissues at 37°C and as mold in natural environment at 25°C. (correct)
  • Exclusively as multicellular mold regardless of the temperature.

Which characteristic distinguishes septate hyphae from coenocytic hyphae?

  • Septate hyphae are unicellular, while coenocytic hyphae are multicellular.
  • Septate hyphae reproduce sexually, while coenocytic hyphae reproduce asexually.
  • Septate hyphae are found only in yeasts, while coenocytic hyphae are found only in molds.
  • Septate hyphae have cross walls, while coenocytic hyphae do not. (correct)

Which of the following is an example of asexual reproduction in fungi?

  • Fertilization
  • Meiosis
  • Genetic recombination
  • Budding (correct)

What symbiotic relationship is present in lichens?

<p>Hyphae and cyanobacteria or green algae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of asexual spore is enclosed within a sac-like structure?

<p>Sporangiospore (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do conidia differ from sporangiospores?

<p>Conidia are not enclosed by a sac, while sporangiospores are. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of conidium is formed by budding from a parent cell?

<p>Blastospore (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes microconidia from macroconidia?

<p>Microconidia are smaller and unicellular, while macroconidia are larger and have two or more cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A spore that develops by growing out through small pores is known as:

<p>Porospore (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following genera is known to cause infections of the hair, skin, and nails?

<p>Trichophyton (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genus of fungi typically infects both the skin and nails, but not hair?

<p>Epidermophyton (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is commonly known as jock itch?

<p>Tinea cruris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Athlete's foot is clinically referred to as:

<p>Tinea pedis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Tinea infection is characterized by lesions on the head?

<p>Tinea capitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fungal infection is caused by Sporothrix schenckii?

<p>Sporotrichosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Candida albicans is the causative agent of which of the following conditions?

<p>Candidiasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition related to Candida albicans commonly manifests in infants as a skin rash?

<p>Diaper rash (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An overgrowth of Candida albicans in the mouth leads to which condition?

<p>Oral thrush (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can predispose an individual to candidiasis?

<p>Suppression of immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Superficial mycoses primarily affect which part of the body?

<p>Skin and mucous membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with a fungal infection of the nail. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

<p>Tinea unguium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following a gardening accident, a patient develops sporotrichosis. What is the most likely source of the infection?

<p>Puncture wound contaminated with soil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An immunocompromised patient develops an oral yeast infection. Which of the following is the most likely causative agent?

<p><em>Candida albicans</em> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with tinea corporis. Where on the body is this infection located?

<p>Body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does growing as a yeast benefit a dimorphic fungus within host tissues?

<p>Enhances its ability to spread within the host. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ecological role of the hyphae in lichens?

<p>Providing structural support and protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is correct identification of conidia important in mycology?

<p>Conidia characteristics are used for fungal identification. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would most likely lead to a Candida albicans infection?

<p>Prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Sporothrix schenckii typically enter the body to cause infection?

<p>Through a cut or puncture wound in the skin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental condition is most likely to support the growth of molds versus yeasts for a dimorphic fungus?

<p>A dry, 25°C environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the mechanism of action of antifungal drugs targeting ergosterol versus those targeting chitin?

<p>Ergosterol inhibitors disrupt cell membrane synthesis; chitin inhibitors disrupt cell wall synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher discovers a new fungal species with hyphae that lack septa. How should this species be classified based on hyphal structure?

<p>As a coenocytic fungus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a lichen, what is the key advantage that the fungal component receives from its symbiotic relationship with algae or cyanobacteria?

<p>Access to organic nutrients synthesized by the photobiont (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a patient with a suppressed immune system be more susceptible to a fungal infection than a healthy individual?

<p>The immune system plays a crucial role in controlling fungal growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with a chronic skin infection. Microscopic examination reveals the presence of arthrospores. Which type of fungal infection is most likely?

<p>A superficial mycosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a new drug inhibits the formation of the sporangium, which process in the fungal life cycle is being targeted?

<p>Asexual spore production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which selective advantage do dimorphic fungi gain by switching from mold to yeast form within a human host?

<p>Improved nutrient acquisition and evasion of immune defenses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A new antifungal drug is discovered that specifically disrupts the formation of septa in hyphae. What type of fungi would this drug be most effective against?

<p>Septate fungi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of melanin in the cell walls of certain fungi contribute to their pathogenicity?

<p>It protects the fungus from ultraviolet radiation and oxidative stress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of genetic recombination in the fungal lifecycle?

<p>It generates genetic diversity, increasing the likelihood of adaptation to new environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fungal Forms

Fungi are morphologically divided into mushrooms, yeasts, and molds.

Dimorphic Fungi

Fungi that can switch between yeast form at 37°C (in tissues) and mold form at 25°C (in environment/lab).

Fungal Life Cycle

Reproduction occurs asexually (budding) or sexually (genetic recombination).

Lichens

A combination of hyphae with cyanobacteria or green algae.

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Sporangiospores

Spores enclosed inside a sac.

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Conidia (conidiospores)

Spores not enclosed by a sac.

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Arthrospore

Rectangular asexual spore.

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Chlamydospore

Spherical asexual spore.

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Blastospore

Asexual spore formed by budding from a parent cell.

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Phialospore

Asexual spore that buds from the mouth of a vase-shaped cell.

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Microconidium/Macroconidium

One-celled or two-celled asexual spores formed by the same fungus under different conditions.

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Porospore

Asexual spore that grows out through small pores.

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Dermatomycoses

Fungal infections of the skin.

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Trichophyton

Fungus that affects hair, skin, and nails.

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Epidermophyton

Fungus that affects skin and nails.

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Microsporum

Fungus that affects hair and skin.

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Tinea Capitis

Ringworm of the scalp.

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Tinea Corporis

Ringworm of the body.

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Tinea Cruris

Ringworm of the groin area.

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Tinea Unguium

Ringworm of the nails.

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Tinea Pedis

Ringworm of the foot.

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Tinea Versicolor

A fungal infection that causes discolored patches on the skin.

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Sporotrichosis

A fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii.

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Candidiasis

A fungal infection caused by Candida albicans.

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Study Notes

  • Fungi are morphologically divided into mushrooms, yeasts, and molds.
  • Some fungi are dimorphic and can grow as either yeasts at 37°C in tissues or as molds at 25°C in natural environments and labs.
  • Fungi can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.
  • Fungi can be multicellular (hyphae) or unicellular organisms.
  • Hyphae with cross walls are called septate hyphae, while those without septa are called coenocytic hyphae.
  • Fungi reproduce asexually through budding or sexually through genetic recombination.
  • Lichens consist of hyphae and cyanobacteria or green algae.

Asexual Spores

  • Sporangiospores are spores inside a sac called a sporangium.
  • Conidia (condiospores) are spores not enclosed by a sac.

Conidia

  • Arthrospores are rectangular spores.
  • Chlamydospores are spherical spores.
  • Blastospores are buds from a parent cell.
  • Phialospores are buds from the mouth of a vase-shaped cell.
  • Microconidia and macroconidia are spores formed by the same fungus under different conditions; microconidia are one-celled, while macroconidia have two or more cells.
  • Porospores grow out through small pores.

Pathogenic Fungi

  • Cause superficial mycoses or cutaneous mycoses

Dermatomycoses

  • Also known as Tinea or ringworm
  • Trichophyton: infects hair, skin, and nails
  • Epidermophyton: infects skin and nails
  • Microsporum: infects hair and skin
  • Tinea capitis: affects the scalp
  • Tinea corporis: affects the body
  • Tinea cruris: (Jock itch) affects the groin area
  • Tinea unguium: affects the nails
  • Tinea pedis: (Athlete’s foot) affects the feet
  • Tinea versicolor: causes discolored patches on the skin

Other Fungal Infections

  • Sporotrichosis is caused by Sporothrix schenckii.
  • Candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans and may result from suppression of immunity, commonly causing genitourinary tract infections (vaginal yeast infection), diaper rash in infants, and mouth infections (oral thrush).

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