Fungi Kingdom and Slime Molds
25 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the color of the aecia spores?

  • Yellow (correct)
  • Orange
  • Brown
  • Green

    • What are Uredospores commonly called?

    Uredia

    Teliospores are embedded in host ______.

    tissue

    Match the following spore stages with their descriptions:

    <p>Uredospores Stage = Single-celled binucleate spores commonly called Uredia Teliospores Stage = Binucleate spores embedded in host tissue, may be single or bicelled with dark brown walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of slime mold?

    <p>Slime mold are fungus-like organisms that have previously been classified as fungi, but they are no longer classified as fungi. Depending on the sources, there are now two or three different groups of slime molds. In general, however, slime molds are characterized by the production of relatively large, single-celled, multinucleate bodies called plasmodia (singular = plasmodium). Plasmodia are the feeding stages of slime molds, and they are frequently seen on small.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many major groups of fungi are there?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of fungi?

    <p>Fungi show a great diversity in morphology and habitat. They are heterotrophic organisms that obtain their nutrients by absorption. The cell wall of fungi is mostly made up of carbohydrate chitin, while the cell wall in plants is made of cellulose. Carbohydrates stored in fungi are in the form of glycogen. The 'fruit' body of fungus is only seen, while the living body of the fungus is a mycelium made of tiny filaments called hyphae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to refer to the fruiting body in which asci are formed?

    <p>ascomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are ascomata classified?

    <p>Conidia color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ascospores and conidia are involved in sexual reproduction only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basidiomycotina fungi have a cell wall composed of ______ and glucans.

    <p>chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of spore production with their descriptions:

    <p>Spermagonia = Produces spermatia and receptive hyphae Aecia = Contains aeciospores Uredia = Produces uredospores Teliospores = Contains teleutospores Basidia = Produces basidiospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents the teleomorphic phase of Zygomycota?

    <p>zygospore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves hyphae making physical contact and exchanging chemical signals to establish different mating types?

    <p>Mating process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zygospore is dormant for a time and then germinates to produce sporangiospores.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ represents the sexual (perfect form) phase of Zygomycota.

    <p>zygospore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Zygosporangium = Becomes thick-walled to form the zygospore Ascomycota = A very large group of fungi including yeasts, molds, and plant pathogens Ascospores = Sexual reproductive cell containing meiotic products Anamorph stage = Vigorous asexual reproduction in most taxa by formation of conidia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the body of hyphae called in fungi?

    <p>Mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fungi obtain nutrients?

    <p>By absorbing nutrients from organic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Yeasts are examples of _______.

    <p>fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi have roots and leaves like plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mode of nutrition for fungi?

    <p>Heterotrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Kingdom Fungi characteristics:

    <p>Firm cell walls (generally of chitin) = Chytridiomycota Spores as reproductive bodies = Zygomycota Unique chromosomes and nuclei = Zygomycota Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms = Kingdom Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of species in Kingdom Fungi?

    <p>100,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Division Chytridiomycota?

    <p>mainly aquatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kingdom Fungi

    • Fungi are heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorption
    • Cell walls are mostly made up of carbohydrate, chitin, and stored carbohydrates are in the form of glycogen
    • Fungi show great diversity in morphology and habitat
    • They are decomposers and parasitic
    • The 'fruit' body of a fungus is only seen, while the living body is a mycelium made up of tiny filaments called hyphae

    Characteristics of Fungi

    • Eukaryotic, absorptive, and mostly multicellular (except for yeast)
    • Heterotrophic (decomposers and parasitic)
    • Mycelium (body of hyphae)
    • Firm cell walls (generally of chitin)
    • "Spores" as reproductive bodies
    • Unique chromosomes and nuclei
    • Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms

    Types of Hyphae

    • Septate hypha: multicellular, walls divided by septa
    • Coenocytic hypha: continuous cytoplasm, multinucleate, no septa

    Nutrition in Fungi

    • Fungi absorb nutrients from the organic material in which they live
    • They do not have stomachs, but digest their food before it passes through the cell wall into the hyphae
    • Hyphae secrete enzymes and acids that break down organic material into simple compounds

    Modes of Nutrition

    • Heterotrophy: obtaining nutrients by absorbing them from the environment
    • Saprophytes: feeding on dead tissues or organic waste (decomposers)
    • Symbionts: mutually beneficial relationship between a fungus and another organism
    • Parasites: feeding on living tissue of a host (pathogens)

    Kingdom Fungi

    • About 100,000 species
    • Uses: medicine, food
    • Ecological value: major decomposers, symbiotic relationships (N2 fixers)
    • Problems: some strains are lethal, destroy library books, destroy crops

    Division Chytridiomycota

    • Mainly aquatic
    • Some are saprobes, while others parasitize protists, plants, and animals
    • Chitinous cell wall
    • Flagellated zoospores
    • The most primitive fungi

    Phylum Zygomycota

    • "Zygote fungi" (bread molds)
    • Zygote = "mated" hyphal strands
    • Live in soil, water
    • Some are parasites
    • 600 species

    Characteristics of Zygomycota

    • Cell walls contain chitin, chitosan, and polyglucuronic acid
    • Some members typically bear multinucleate, coenocytic hyphae, without cross walls (septa)
    • Importance: organic degraders/recyclers, useful in foodstuffs/fermentations, pathogens of insects and animals### Zygomycota
    • The Zygomycota phylum contains approximately 1% of the described species of true Fungi (~900 species).
    • Familiar representatives of Zygomycota include fast-growing molds that cause spoiling of fruits high in sugar content.
    • Some Zygomycota species are considered decomposers, pathogens, or form mycorrhizal associations with plants.

    Rhinocerebral Zygomycosis

    • Rhinocerebral zygomycosis is a disease caused by Zygomycota organisms.
    • The variety of organisms causing disease has expanded, and manifestations of disease have also evolved.

    Life Cycle of Zygomycota

    • The zygosporerepresents the teleomorphic (sexual; perfect form) phase of this phylum.
    • The zygomycete Rhizopus can reproduce either asexually or sexually.
    • Asexual stage: hyphae develop, and branches termed sporangiophores produce sporangia.
    • Thin-walled sac (sporangium) is walled off at the tip and fills with cytoplasm containing multiple nuclei.
    • Cytoplasmic cleavage and separation of nuclei produce sporangiospores.
    • Sporangiospores germinate to repeat the asexual life cycle.

    Sexual Stage

    • Mating process: hyphae make physical contact and exchange chemical signals to establish that each is of a different mating type.
    • Hyphal tips grow, loop back, and swell (becoming progametangia).
    • Nuclei mix and fuse, and the immediate region is walled off from the rest of the hyphae (gametangium or zygosporangium formation).
    • Zygosporangium becomes thick-walled to form the zygospore.
    • Zygospore is dormant for a time, but then germinates to produce a sporangium containing sporangiospores.

    Ascomycota

    • The Ascomycota phylum is a very large group of about 32,000 named species, with more being discovered each year.
    • Ascomycetes include yeasts, common molds, morels, and truffles, as well as many serious plant pathogens.
    • Asexual stage: anamorph stage, characterized by vigorous asexual reproduction in most taxa by formation of conidia.
    • Sexual stage: teleomorph stage, characterized by sexual reproductive cells containing meiotic products termed ascospores.
    • Ascomata are the fruiting bodies, in which asci are formed.

    Characteristics of Ascomycota

    • Ascomycota can be distinguished by their reproductive features.
    • Decomposers and pathogens of humans and animals are included in this phylum.
    • Powdery mildews of crops are also Ascomycota.

    Asci and Ascospores

    • Asci and ascospores of Tuber and Sordaria are characterized by thin sac layers and a ring-like structure.
    • Ascomycota fruiting bodies take on diverse forms, such as flask-shaped perithecia and cup-shaped apothecia.

    Perithecium and Apothecium

    • Perithecium: a flask-shaped fruiting body with a long neck and ostiole.
    • Apothecium: a cup-shaped fruiting body with asci arranged upon the ascocarp.### Closed Structure
    • The closed structure of a cleistothecium is characterized by circular asci, arranged irregularly, and spores discharging from the ascocarp by dissociation of the ascocarp cell wall.
    • A diagram and photomicrograph of a cleistothecium showing asci and ascospores are provided.

    Division Ascomycota

    • The thallus (mycelium) consists of a highly branched network of multinucleate, septate, usually colorless hyphae.
    • Many-branched conidiophores sprout on the mycelia, bearing individually conidiospores, which are the main dispersal route of the fungi and often green in color.
    • Sexual reproduction involves the production of ascospores.

    Phylum: Basidiomycota

    • Characteristics:
      • Majority are terrestrial, although some can be found in marine or freshwater environments.
      • Oldest confirmed basidiomycete fossil is about 290 million years old.
      • Some are molds, some are yeasts, and some are dimorphic.
      • Cell wall is multilayered, consisting of chitin and glucans.
      • Production of complex fruiting structures.
      • Production of a conidial anamorph.
      • Sexual spores are basidiospores, exogenously produced on basidium.
    • Classes:
      • Basidiocarp lacking and replaced by Teliospores, grouped in sori or scattered within the host tissues -- Teliomycetes.
      • Basidiocarp usually well-developed, Basidia typically organized as a hymenium -- Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes.

    Class: Teliomycetes

    • Characters:
      • Includes many economically important plant pathogens, commonly known as rusts and smuts.
      • Puccinia species produce reddish-brown color on leaf.
      • Teliospores are produced.
    • Rust fungi produce up to five types of spores in their life cycle:
      • Stage 0: Spermagonia with spermatia and receptive hyphae (Pycniospores).
      • Stage I: Aecia with aeciospores.
      • Stage II: Uredia with uredospores.
      • Stage III: Telia with teleutospores.
      • Stage IV: Basidia with basidiospores.

    Spores

    • Pycniospores:
      • Produced in a flask-shaped structure called a pycnium.
      • Single-celled and behave as spermatia.
    • Aeciospores:
      • Single-celled, produced in cup-like structures known as aecia.
      • Yellow to orange in color with a hyaline, characteristically verrucose wall.
    • Uredospores:
      • Single-celled, binucleate, pedicellate, borne in naked or paraphysate sori.
      • Break through the host epidermis, commonly called uredia.
      • Brown, behave as conidia, and repeat several cycles in a season.
    • Teliospores:
      • Binucleate, pedicellate or sessile, embedded in host tissue.
      • May be single-celled, bicelled, or more than 2-celled, with dark brown walls.
      • Produce basidium and basidiospores upon germination.
    • Basidiospores:
      • Haploid, unicellular spores borne on sterigma.
      • Arise from cylindrical to club-shaped 2 to 4 celled basidia.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers the kingdom fungi, including slime molds and their characteristics. It also introduces the four major groups of fungi and the division of Eumycota, also known as true fungi.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser