Fungi Cultivation and Staining Techniques
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of the fungal cell wall that allows it to resist degradation by host cells?

  • It is composed of a single layer of glucan
  • It is composed of a single layer of mannan
  • It is composed of polysaccharides that are poorly degraded by host cells (correct)
  • It is composed of a single layer of chitin
  • What type of fungal hyphae is characterized by dark and pigmented septate hyphae?

  • Hyaline molds
  • Dematiaceous fungi (correct)
  • Racquet fungi
  • Coenocytic fungi
  • What is the main component of the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall of bacteria?

  • Chitin
  • D-Mannose
  • D-Glucose
  • N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) (correct)
  • What is the function of the cellular membrane in fungal cells?

    <p>It protects the cytoplasm and regulates the intake and secretion of solutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main target of antifungal drugs in the fungal cellular membrane?

    <p>Ergosterol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleus in fungal cells?

    <p>It is the control center of the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mitochondria in fungal cells?

    <p>It is the powerhouse of the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Cryptococcus neoformans that allows it to cause meningitis?

    <p>It can break the blood-brain barrier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal relative humidity for incubating fungal cultures?

    <p>40-50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following staining techniques is useful for identifying Candida?

    <p>Kinyoun's AFS Stain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical time frame for yeasts to grow in culture?

    <p>Within 24 hours to 4 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Brain-Heart Infusion Agar (BHI Agar)?

    <p>For the primary recovery of saprophytic and dimorphic fungi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the culture method in fungal identification?

    <p>To observe fungal growth patterns and take note of microscopic details (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of observing hyphal shapes, septum, and cross walls in fungal identification?

    <p>To identify fungal species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding 10% sterile tartaric acid to Potato Dextrose Agar?

    <p>To lower the pH to about 3.5 to control bacterial growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with a specimen if fungal culture cannot be performed immediately?

    <p>Refrigerate the specimen for a short time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medium is highly selective for dermatophytes and contains antibiotics such as cycloheximide and chloramphenicol?

    <p>Potato Flake Agar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of V-8 Agar that supplies trace ingredients needed to stimulate the growth of fungal elements?

    <p>V-8 juice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medium is recommended for the cultivation of yeasts and molds?

    <p>V-8 Agar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using Potato Flake Agar for cultivating fungi?

    <p>It is advantageous for molds because diagnostically useful sexual reproductive structures develop more readily (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of tissue morphology in Phaeohyphomycosis?

    <p>Mycelial (mold form) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fungi is NOT associated with subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis?

    <p>Histoplasma capsulatum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of F. compacta?

    <p>Spherical with a broad base connecting the conidia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Phaeohyphomycosis and Chromoblastomycosis?

    <p>The type of dematiaceous fungi involved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Rhinocladiella?

    <p>Produces lateral or terminal conidia from conidiogenous cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using the Masson-Fontana stain in Phaeohyphomycosis?

    <p>To presumptively diagnose Phaeohyphomycosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the lesions in lobomycosis?

    <p>Verrucose, ulcerative, painless lesions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of rhinoentomophthoromycosis?

    <p>Entomophthora coronata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for subcutaneous phycomycosis?

    <p>Surgical excision and sulfa drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the fungal cells in lobomycosis?

    <p>Multinucleated, thick-walled, and exhibiting multiple budding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the laboratory diagnosis for lobomycosis?

    <p>Direct microscopic examination with PAS, methenamine silver, and FAT (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the lesions in subcutaneous phycomycosis?

    <p>Small, firm, movable nodules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of subcutaneous phycomycosis?

    <p>Basidiobolus haptosporus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the fungal growth in rhinoentomophthoromycosis?

    <p>Radial folds and thin aerial hyphae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fungi is Dermatophytes an example of?

    <p>Anthropophilic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Dermatophytes?

    <p>They are resistant to cycloheximide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Dermatophytes that allows them to break down keratin?

    <p>They produce enzymes that can break down keratin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical habitat of Geophilic Dermatophytes?

    <p>Soil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Zoophilic Dermatophytes?

    <p>They can infect animals and humans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response may be evoked by Cutaneous Mycoses?

    <p>Cellular immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the yeast phase of Blastomyces dermatitidis under microscopic examination?

    <p>Large, round, or oval cells with a single bud attached by a narrow base (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the mycelial phase of Blastomyces dermatitidis?

    <p>It is characterized by delicate, septate, and branching hyphae resembling lollipops (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar/Inhibitory Mold Agar in the laboratory diagnosis of Blastomyces dermatitidis?

    <p>To cultivate yeasts and molds, and inhibit bacterial growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the lesions in adult type Blastomyces dermatitidis infection?

    <p>Lesions in the mouth and tongue, affecting the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis under microscopic examination?

    <p>Small, septate, branched hyphae with intercalary and terminal chlamydospores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the yeast phase of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis under microscopic examination?

    <p>It has multiple buds attached to the parent cell by a narrow base (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using Brain-Heart Infusion Agar in the laboratory diagnosis of Blastomyces dermatitidis?

    <p>To cultivate yeasts and molds, and observe colony morphology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the lesions in primary cutaneous Blastomyces dermatitidis infection?

    <p>Lesions in the skin, affecting the lungs and brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of immunodiffusion tests in the laboratory diagnosis of Blastomyces dermatitidis?

    <p>It is more sensitive and specific than complement fixation tests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the growth of Blastomyces dermatitidis on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar/Inhibitory Mold Agar?

    <p>White, waxy, yeast-like, becoming cottony with white aerial mycelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding 500μl of PBS to each well before adding the agarose solution?

    <p>To wash the cells and remove the culture medium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concentration of agarose in the solution used to overlay the infected cells?

    <p>0.3% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) not used as a cell culture medium in the plaque assay?

    <p>Because it interferes with virus growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fixing cells with a 3.6% formaldehyde solution?

    <p>To preserve the cells for further analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature at which the 3% agarose solution is pre-warmed before mixing with the culture medium?

    <p>45°C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of shaking the plates every 15 minutes during the incubation period?

    <p>To ensure uniform viral adsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concentration of crystal violet used to stain the cells?

    <p>0.5% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of incubating the plates at 37°C for 60-84 hours?

    <p>To allow viral plaques to form (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using 0.7% soft agar in bacteriophage growth?

    <p>To visualize clear zones where bacterial cells have already lysed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of primary cell lines?

    <p>They have a limited lifespan due to contact inhibition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of subculturing in cell culture?

    <p>To avoid 100% confluence, which would trigger mitosis and eventually lead to apoptosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of continuous cell lines?

    <p>They are 'immortal' and can be passed indefinitely (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) in cell culture?

    <p>To nourish and moisturize the cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of cell culture in virus research?

    <p>To quantify the concentration of infectious viruses in a sample (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Hep-2 cells?

    <p>They are a type of continuous cell line (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the cell type that supports viral replication in cell culture?

    <p>It influences the time of detection of cytopathic effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of overlaying the cell monolayer with a semi-solid medium?

    <p>To prevent the spread of the virus to neighboring cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical time frame for plaque formation in the Plaque Assay?

    <p>3-14 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of infecting the host cell monolayer with the virus at varying dilutions?

    <p>To ensure that the resulting plaques are countable and not too numerous or sparse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement used to calculate the number of viruses present in a sample?

    <p>Plaque-forming units (PFU) per sample unit volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of preparing a confluently grown host cell monolayer?

    <p>To provide a layer of cells susceptible to the virus being tested (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the host cell monolayer in the Plaque Assay?

    <p>To provide a layer of cells susceptible to the virus being tested (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the plaque formation in the Plaque Assay?

    <p>It indicates the area of cell death in the monolayer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of counting the plaques in the Plaque Assay?

    <p>To calculate the number of plaque-forming units (PFU) per sample unit volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of adding gentamicin and amphotericin B to viral transport media?

    <p>To inhibit bacterial and fungal contaminants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using fetal bovine serum in cell culture media?

    <p>It supports the growth of fastidious cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cryopreserving cells?

    <p>To allow for long-term storage of cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of continuous cell lines?

    <p>They can be passaged indefinitely (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of cell culture in virology?

    <p>To isolate and propagate viruses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using Hanks' balanced salt solution in cell culture?

    <p>To rinse cells before plating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using serum-free media in cell culture?

    <p>It minimizes the effects of serum variability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of subculturing cells?

    <p>To expand cellular populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding a chromogenic or chemiluminescent substrate to the membrane in a detection assay?

    <p>To catalyze a reaction that generates a detectable signal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique?

    <p>To identify viral agents through nucleic acid amplification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the heat-stable DNA polymerase in the PCR process?

    <p>To catalyze the PCR reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the denaturation step in the PCR process?

    <p>To separate the DNA strands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using PCR in molecular biology?

    <p>It permits the analysis of any sequence of DNA or RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using oligonucleotide primers in the PCR process?

    <p>To amplify a specific segment of DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a heat-stable DNA polymerase in the PCR process?

    <p>To withstand the high temperatures during the PCR process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the PCR process?

    <p>The targeted DNA sequence is amplified (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Hepatitis D virus that makes it not a full virus?

    <p>It borrows structures from HBsAg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stages of infection is the small delta antigen usually produced?

    <p>Early stages of infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way Hepatitis D virus is transmitted?

    <p>Through broken skin or contact with infected blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the genetic material of Hepatitis D virus?

    <p>It is single-stranded and negative-sense (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of HBsAg in Hepatitis D virus?

    <p>To provide structural proteins for the viral particle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the incubation period in Hepatitis D virus?

    <p>It is the time between infection and the onset of symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the symptoms of Hepatitis D virus?

    <p>They are severe and chronic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Hepatitis D virus?

    <p>Genus: Deltavirus, Family: Kolmioviridae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Hepatitis D virus and Hepatitis B virus?

    <p>Hepatitis D virus is a separate virus that requires Hepatitis B virus for replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the high-risk group for Hepatitis D virus infection?

    <p>People with chronic Hepatitis B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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