Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of the fungal cell wall that allows it to resist degradation by host cells?
What is a characteristic of the fungal cell wall that allows it to resist degradation by host cells?
What type of fungal hyphae is characterized by dark and pigmented septate hyphae?
What type of fungal hyphae is characterized by dark and pigmented septate hyphae?
What is the main component of the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall of bacteria?
What is the main component of the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall of bacteria?
What is the function of the cellular membrane in fungal cells?
What is the function of the cellular membrane in fungal cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main target of antifungal drugs in the fungal cellular membrane?
What is the main target of antifungal drugs in the fungal cellular membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the nucleus in fungal cells?
What is the function of the nucleus in fungal cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the mitochondria in fungal cells?
What is the function of the mitochondria in fungal cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of Cryptococcus neoformans that allows it to cause meningitis?
What is the characteristic of Cryptococcus neoformans that allows it to cause meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the ideal relative humidity for incubating fungal cultures?
What is the ideal relative humidity for incubating fungal cultures?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following staining techniques is useful for identifying Candida?
Which of the following staining techniques is useful for identifying Candida?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical time frame for yeasts to grow in culture?
What is the typical time frame for yeasts to grow in culture?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary use of Brain-Heart Infusion Agar (BHI Agar)?
What is the primary use of Brain-Heart Infusion Agar (BHI Agar)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of the culture method in fungal identification?
What is the primary purpose of the culture method in fungal identification?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of observing hyphal shapes, septum, and cross walls in fungal identification?
What is the significance of observing hyphal shapes, septum, and cross walls in fungal identification?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of adding 10% sterile tartaric acid to Potato Dextrose Agar?
What is the purpose of adding 10% sterile tartaric acid to Potato Dextrose Agar?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done with a specimen if fungal culture cannot be performed immediately?
What should be done with a specimen if fungal culture cannot be performed immediately?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medium is highly selective for dermatophytes and contains antibiotics such as cycloheximide and chloramphenicol?
Which medium is highly selective for dermatophytes and contains antibiotics such as cycloheximide and chloramphenicol?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary component of V-8 Agar that supplies trace ingredients needed to stimulate the growth of fungal elements?
What is the primary component of V-8 Agar that supplies trace ingredients needed to stimulate the growth of fungal elements?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medium is recommended for the cultivation of yeasts and molds?
Which medium is recommended for the cultivation of yeasts and molds?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the advantage of using Potato Flake Agar for cultivating fungi?
What is the advantage of using Potato Flake Agar for cultivating fungi?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of tissue morphology in Phaeohyphomycosis?
What is the primary characteristic of tissue morphology in Phaeohyphomycosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following fungi is NOT associated with subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis?
Which of the following fungi is NOT associated with subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of F. compacta?
What is the characteristic of F. compacta?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary difference between Phaeohyphomycosis and Chromoblastomycosis?
What is the primary difference between Phaeohyphomycosis and Chromoblastomycosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of Rhinocladiella?
What is the characteristic of Rhinocladiella?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of using the Masson-Fontana stain in Phaeohyphomycosis?
What is the primary purpose of using the Masson-Fontana stain in Phaeohyphomycosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of the lesions in lobomycosis?
What is the characteristic of the lesions in lobomycosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the causative agent of rhinoentomophthoromycosis?
What is the causative agent of rhinoentomophthoromycosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the treatment for subcutaneous phycomycosis?
What is the treatment for subcutaneous phycomycosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of the fungal cells in lobomycosis?
What is the characteristic of the fungal cells in lobomycosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the laboratory diagnosis for lobomycosis?
What is the laboratory diagnosis for lobomycosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of the lesions in subcutaneous phycomycosis?
What is the characteristic of the lesions in subcutaneous phycomycosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the causative agent of subcutaneous phycomycosis?
What is the causative agent of subcutaneous phycomycosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of the fungal growth in rhinoentomophthoromycosis?
What is the characteristic of the fungal growth in rhinoentomophthoromycosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of fungi is Dermatophytes an example of?
What type of fungi is Dermatophytes an example of?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of Dermatophytes?
What is a characteristic of Dermatophytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of Dermatophytes that allows them to break down keratin?
What is the characteristic of Dermatophytes that allows them to break down keratin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical habitat of Geophilic Dermatophytes?
What is the typical habitat of Geophilic Dermatophytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of Zoophilic Dermatophytes?
What is the characteristic of Zoophilic Dermatophytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of immune response may be evoked by Cutaneous Mycoses?
What type of immune response may be evoked by Cutaneous Mycoses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of the yeast phase of Blastomyces dermatitidis under microscopic examination?
What is the characteristic of the yeast phase of Blastomyces dermatitidis under microscopic examination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the mycelial phase of Blastomyces dermatitidis?
What is the significance of the mycelial phase of Blastomyces dermatitidis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar/Inhibitory Mold Agar in the laboratory diagnosis of Blastomyces dermatitidis?
What is the purpose of using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar/Inhibitory Mold Agar in the laboratory diagnosis of Blastomyces dermatitidis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of the lesions in adult type Blastomyces dermatitidis infection?
What is the characteristic of the lesions in adult type Blastomyces dermatitidis infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis under microscopic examination?
What is the characteristic of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis under microscopic examination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the yeast phase of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis under microscopic examination?
What is the significance of the yeast phase of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis under microscopic examination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of using Brain-Heart Infusion Agar in the laboratory diagnosis of Blastomyces dermatitidis?
What is the purpose of using Brain-Heart Infusion Agar in the laboratory diagnosis of Blastomyces dermatitidis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of the lesions in primary cutaneous Blastomyces dermatitidis infection?
What is the characteristic of the lesions in primary cutaneous Blastomyces dermatitidis infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of immunodiffusion tests in the laboratory diagnosis of Blastomyces dermatitidis?
What is the significance of immunodiffusion tests in the laboratory diagnosis of Blastomyces dermatitidis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of the growth of Blastomyces dermatitidis on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar/Inhibitory Mold Agar?
What is the characteristic of the growth of Blastomyces dermatitidis on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar/Inhibitory Mold Agar?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of adding 500μl of PBS to each well before adding the agarose solution?
What is the purpose of adding 500μl of PBS to each well before adding the agarose solution?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the concentration of agarose in the solution used to overlay the infected cells?
What is the concentration of agarose in the solution used to overlay the infected cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) not used as a cell culture medium in the plaque assay?
Why is Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) not used as a cell culture medium in the plaque assay?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of fixing cells with a 3.6% formaldehyde solution?
What is the purpose of fixing cells with a 3.6% formaldehyde solution?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the temperature at which the 3% agarose solution is pre-warmed before mixing with the culture medium?
What is the temperature at which the 3% agarose solution is pre-warmed before mixing with the culture medium?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of shaking the plates every 15 minutes during the incubation period?
What is the purpose of shaking the plates every 15 minutes during the incubation period?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the concentration of crystal violet used to stain the cells?
What is the concentration of crystal violet used to stain the cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of incubating the plates at 37°C for 60-84 hours?
What is the purpose of incubating the plates at 37°C for 60-84 hours?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of using 0.7% soft agar in bacteriophage growth?
What is the primary purpose of using 0.7% soft agar in bacteriophage growth?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of primary cell lines?
What is the characteristic of primary cell lines?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of subculturing in cell culture?
What is the purpose of subculturing in cell culture?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of continuous cell lines?
What is the characteristic of continuous cell lines?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) in cell culture?
What is the purpose of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) in cell culture?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the application of cell culture in virus research?
What is the application of cell culture in virus research?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of Hep-2 cells?
What is the characteristic of Hep-2 cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the cell type that supports viral replication in cell culture?
What is the significance of the cell type that supports viral replication in cell culture?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of overlaying the cell monolayer with a semi-solid medium?
What is the purpose of overlaying the cell monolayer with a semi-solid medium?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical time frame for plaque formation in the Plaque Assay?
What is the typical time frame for plaque formation in the Plaque Assay?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of infecting the host cell monolayer with the virus at varying dilutions?
What is the purpose of infecting the host cell monolayer with the virus at varying dilutions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the unit of measurement used to calculate the number of viruses present in a sample?
What is the unit of measurement used to calculate the number of viruses present in a sample?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of preparing a confluently grown host cell monolayer?
What is the purpose of preparing a confluently grown host cell monolayer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the host cell monolayer in the Plaque Assay?
What is the role of the host cell monolayer in the Plaque Assay?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the plaque formation in the Plaque Assay?
What is the significance of the plaque formation in the Plaque Assay?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of counting the plaques in the Plaque Assay?
What is the purpose of counting the plaques in the Plaque Assay?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of adding gentamicin and amphotericin B to viral transport media?
What is the primary purpose of adding gentamicin and amphotericin B to viral transport media?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary advantage of using fetal bovine serum in cell culture media?
What is the primary advantage of using fetal bovine serum in cell culture media?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of cryopreserving cells?
What is the primary purpose of cryopreserving cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of continuous cell lines?
What is the primary characteristic of continuous cell lines?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary application of cell culture in virology?
What is the primary application of cell culture in virology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of using Hanks' balanced salt solution in cell culture?
What is the primary purpose of using Hanks' balanced salt solution in cell culture?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary advantage of using serum-free media in cell culture?
What is the primary advantage of using serum-free media in cell culture?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of subculturing cells?
What is the primary purpose of subculturing cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of adding a chromogenic or chemiluminescent substrate to the membrane in a detection assay?
What is the purpose of adding a chromogenic or chemiluminescent substrate to the membrane in a detection assay?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique?
What is the primary purpose of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the heat-stable DNA polymerase in the PCR process?
What is the role of the heat-stable DNA polymerase in the PCR process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the denaturation step in the PCR process?
What is the significance of the denaturation step in the PCR process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary advantage of using PCR in molecular biology?
What is the primary advantage of using PCR in molecular biology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of using oligonucleotide primers in the PCR process?
What is the significance of using oligonucleotide primers in the PCR process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of using a heat-stable DNA polymerase in the PCR process?
What is the purpose of using a heat-stable DNA polymerase in the PCR process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of the PCR process?
What is the result of the PCR process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of Hepatitis D virus that makes it not a full virus?
What is the characteristic of Hepatitis D virus that makes it not a full virus?
Signup and view all the answers
During which stages of infection is the small delta antigen usually produced?
During which stages of infection is the small delta antigen usually produced?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary way Hepatitis D virus is transmitted?
What is the primary way Hepatitis D virus is transmitted?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of the genetic material of Hepatitis D virus?
What is the characteristic of the genetic material of Hepatitis D virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of HBsAg in Hepatitis D virus?
What is the purpose of HBsAg in Hepatitis D virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the incubation period in Hepatitis D virus?
What is the significance of the incubation period in Hepatitis D virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of the symptoms of Hepatitis D virus?
What is the characteristic of the symptoms of Hepatitis D virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the classification of Hepatitis D virus?
What is the classification of Hepatitis D virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between Hepatitis D virus and Hepatitis B virus?
What is the relationship between Hepatitis D virus and Hepatitis B virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the high-risk group for Hepatitis D virus infection?
What is the high-risk group for Hepatitis D virus infection?
Signup and view all the answers