Fungi Characteristics and Classification Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the characteristics of planogametic copulation in fungi?

  • Fusion of one motile and one non-motile gamete (correct)
  • Involves gametes encased in protective structures
  • Fusion of two motile gametes (correct)
  • Occurs only in terrestrial fungi

Which component forms the cell wall of non-motile fungi?

  • Lignin
  • Chitin (correct)
  • Cellulose
  • Pectin

What is the defining feature of coenocytic hyphae observed in Zygomycetes?

  • Have thickened walls for protection
  • Contain multiple septa
  • Are non-septate and multinucleate (correct)
  • Are primarily reproductive structures

What type of spores are borne on the inside of the fruiting body in certain fungi?

<p>Ascospore (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the cell wall of higher fungi is correct?

<p>It contains chitin and can also include cellulose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of spores are formed by the thickening of mycelium?

<p>Chlamydospores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the life cycle of endomycetales, which phase is characterized as being very long?

<p>Haplobiontic phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is characteristic of basidiomycetes, such as smuts and rusts?

<p>Sporangiophores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of cleistothecium that contains asci?

<p>Globular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ploidy level of basidiospores?

<p>Haploid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the spores produced by members of the order Chytridiales?

<p>They are motile and flagellated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family is known for causing diseases such as powdery mildew?

<p>Erysiphaceae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the process known as Dikaryotization during fungal reproduction?

<p>Fusion of two distinct nuclei in a dikaryon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi involves the fusion of haploid nuclei?

<p>Karyogamy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In basidiomycetes, what is the fate of the primary mycelium?

<p>It is short-lived and transforms into secondary mycelium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The distinctive three phases of the sexual reproductive cycle of fungi include which of the following?

<p>Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, Meiosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes ascospores?

<p>They are produced within a specialized structure called the Ascus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of cell walls in Zygomycetes?

<p>Cellulose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mycelium grows above the agar surface?

<p>Aerial mycelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spores are formed by fragmentation of septate mycelium at the septa?

<p>Arthrospores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true about the basidiospores?

<p>They are usually uninucleate and haploid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct regarding moulds?

<p>Moulds are filamentous fungi. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of sclerotia in fungi?

<p>Acting as resistant resting structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the diploid phase of the fungi life cycle?

<p>It begins with karyogamy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about zoospores is true?

<p>Zoospores are non-motile spores. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the clamp connection in Basidiomycetes?

<p>To support karyogamy in hyphal cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'heterothallic' refer to in fungi?

<p>Species that rely on external partners for reproduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the Basidiomycetes differ from other fungi classes?

<p>They produce spores known as basidiospores. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which structure do ascospores develop endogenously?

<p>Ascus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of yeast fungi?

<p>They primarily reproduce via budding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is involved in the sexual reproduction of Schizosaccharomyces?

<p>Formation of gametangia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spores are produced endogenously within a fruiting body?

<p>Ascospores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproductive structure is characteristic of the Plectomycetes?

<p>Closed fructification of perithecium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between basidiospores and the ascus in Ascomycetes?

<p>Basidiospores are generative spores produced by Basidiomycetes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chlamydospores are commonly found in which context?

<p>As a result of asexual reproduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure characterizes the sexual stage of some fungi with appendages?

<p>Suspensor with coiled appendages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aerial Mycelium

Mycelium that grows above the agar surface.

Arthrospores

True. Arthrospores are formed by fragmentation of septate mycelium in the septa.

Filamentous Fungi

Filamentous fungi are heterotrophic organisms.

Basidiospores

The basidiospores are produced exogenously on the basidium.

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Sclerotia

Sclerotia is a very dense, heavy-packed group of hyphae and serve as resistant resting structures.

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Diploid Phase

The diploid phase of fungi life cycle begin with karyogamy (fusion of nuclei).

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Gametangial Copulation

Gametangial copulation is characterized by the fusion of the entire contents of two contacting gametangia.

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Basidium

The basidium is comparable to the ascus of the Ascomycetes.

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Dikaryotization

The process where the primary mycelium of a basidiomycete changes into a secondary mycelium, containing two haploid nuclei in each cell.

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Karyogamy

The fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus, creating a zygote.

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Gametangia

The sexual reproductive structures found in fungi, responsible for producing gametes.

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Spermatization

The transfer of spermatia (male gametes) to female gametangia or receptive hyphae during fungal sexual reproduction.

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Plasmogamy

A process that involves the fusion of cytoplasm from two compatible hyphae, followed by the fusion of their nuclei

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Conidia

A type of asexual spore produced by fungi, typically dispersed by wind and capable of forming a new fungus.

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Planogametic Copulation

The fusion of two motile gametes, often called planogametes, during the sexual reproduction of fungi. This type of copulation is characteristic of simple fungi, and usually results in the formation of a zygote. The zygote then develops into a new fungal organism.

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Ascospore

A type of fungal spore that is produced inside a fruiting body called a sporangium. Ascospores are typically haploid and have a single nucleus. These spores are released when the sporangium matures and bursts open, allowing them to be dispersed by wind or water.

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Thallus

The entire vegetative body of a single thallus, in this case, a single fungal organism.

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Fungal Cell Wall

A fungal cell wall is a rigid, protective structure that surrounds the cell membrane. It's composed of chitin, which is a complex carbohydrate. This contributes to the structural integrity of the fungus and helps it maintain its shape.

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Hypertrophy

An abnormal enlargement of host cells, often caused by a pathogen like a fungus. In this case, the fungus is stimulating the host cell to grow larger rather than killing it immediately.

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Heterothallic

A term used to describe fungal species where individuals can only reproduce sexually with another compatible individual, meaning they are not self-fertile.

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Haustoria

Specialized structures formed by obligate parasites, which penetrate host cells to enable nutrient absorption.

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Septa

Cross-walls that separate fungal hyphae into compartments, providing structural support and compartmentalization.

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Yeast Fungi

Unicellular fungi, often known for their role in fermentation and baking.

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Aflagellate Fungi

A group of fungi that lack flagella, characterized by their asexual reproduction through the formation of sporangia.

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Perithecium

A closed fruiting body in Plectomycetes, containing asci where ascospores develop.

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Chlamydospores

Resistant, thick-walled spores produced by some fungi, especially during unfavorable conditions.

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Mycomycetae

A class of fungi that includes myxomycetes, characterized by their unique plasmodium stage.

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Cunniingmella

A genus of fungi that often grows on dung, characterized by rapid mycelium growth.

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Smut and Rust Fungi

Also known as "smuts and rusts", these fungi belong to the Basidiomycetes class and are notable for their unique reproductive structures.

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Cleistothecium

A type of fungal fruiting body that is spherical or roughly spherical in shape. These structures contain asci, which are responsible for producing sexual spores in Ascomycetes fungi.

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Vegetative Mycelium

The vegetative mycelium of a fungus, which is responsible for growth and nutrient absorption. It typically grows beneath the agar surface in culture.

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Haplobiontic Life Cycle

A type of fungal life cycle where the haploid phase is much longer than the diploid phase. This is typical of many fungal groups, including the Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.

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Study Notes

Revision Mycology - True or False

  • Chlamydospores form by septate mycelium fragmentation at septa. (TRUE)
  • Plectomycetes have a closed fructification (apothecium). (FALSE)
  • Mycelium gives a colony's color, texture, and appearance. (TRUE)
  • Basidiospores are produced exogenously on the basidium. (TRUE)
  • Order Mucorales is a sub class biflagellates (TRUE)

Mycelium

  • Mycelium grows above agar surface is aerial mycelium.
  • Arthrospores are spores formed by septate mycelial fragmentation.
  • Filamentous fungi are heterotrophic.
  • Moulds are a type of filamentous fungus.
  • Sclerotia are a dense group of hyphae, acting as resistant resting structures..
  • Basidiospores are usually haploid and uninucleate.
  • Zoospores are non-motile.
  • Clamp connections are characteristic of Basidiomycetes primary mycelium.
  • Ascomycete walls contain cellulose and chitin.
  • Fungi lack chlorophyll and are living organisms.

Mycelial Structure and Processes

  • Mycelium is the entire vegetative body of a single thallus.
  • Dikaryotization is when primary mycelium changes to secondary.
  • The basidium bears a specific number of basidiospores.
  • Ascospores are endogenously produced in asci
  • Members of Peronosporales cause powdery mildew.
  • Primary basidiomycete mycelium has a short life span.
  • Ascospores are characteristic of aquatic fungi.
  • Zygomycete walls primarily consist of cellulose.
  • Karyogamy is the fusion of two dikaryon nuclei, creating a diploid.
  • Planogametic copulation involves fusing motile gametes, forming a zygote.
  • Chitin is a major component of non-motile fungi cell walls.
  • Hyphae can be coenocytic, especially in Zygomycetes.

Spore Formation and Reproduction

  • Aerial hyphae penetrate the surface medium and absorb nutrients.

  • Filamentous hyphae can be yeast-like (unicellular).

  • Fusion of two compatible nuclei initiates sexual reproduction.

  • Cleistothecia are fruiting bodies in Discomycetes.

  • Zoosporangia are structures in some aquatic fungi life cycles.

  • Cellulose is found in the cell walls of higher fungi.

  • Heterothallic species are self-sterile.

  • Fungi are often similar to green plants in having cell walls.

  • Some zygomycota have cross walls (septa).

  • Basidiomycetes differ. They produce zygospores.

  • Yeast fungi are unicellular.

  • Ascus contains 16 sexual spores. (40)

  • Ascospores are endogenously produced in the basidium. (41)

  • Rhizopus are in the Aflagellates. (42)

  • Plectomycetes have a perithecium. (43)

  • Schizosacchromyces ascus formation occurs by gametangial fusion. (44)

  • Biflaggellated fungi form zoosporangia. (45)

  • Ascomycota are soil decomposers and produce certain antibiotics.

  • Chlamydospores are common in some groups, often abundant.

  • Cunninghamella is a coprophilous genus, growing rapidly/producing sporangiophores on dung.

  • Smut and rust are basidiomycetes fungi. (50)

Classification and Morphology

  • Order Chytridiales produce uniflagellate spores. (8)
  • Erysiphaceae members cause powdery mildew. (9)
  • Spermatization is the transfer of spermatia to female gametangia. (10)
  • Meiosis restores the haploid condition. (11)
  • Gamttangia are sex organs of fungi. (12)
  • Motile gametes are called planogametes. (14)
  • Leptomitales is a class. (17)
  • Spores are borne inside the fruiting body (14): Ascospores
  • Plasmodium fusion is a typical feature of some fungi and not all sexual reproduction needs contact. (21)
  • Yeast fungi are described as unicellular (22)
  • Fungi mitotic division is zygotic (23)
  • Endomycetales is an order in ascomycetes (25)
  • Spores produced from fruiting bodies are called ascospores (26)
  • Mucorales is in the Aflagellates. (27)
  • Hyphae with structures are called the suspensors (28)
  • Mycomycota class is categorized by spore types. (29)
  • Asci enclosed in a cleistothecium take a globular shape (30)
  • Vegetative mycelia grow beneath the agar surface (31)
  • Chlamydospores thicken during the formation process (32).
  • Haplobiontic fungi have a short diploid phase compared to their haploid phase (33)
  • Basidiospores are commonly uninucleate and haploid (34)

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