Fungal Pathogens and Morphology Quiz

True (A)

The ability to cause disease.

<p>polymorphism, masking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thermotolerance = Ability to grow at 37 degrees C Biofilm formation = Structured assemblies resistant to antifungals Polymorphism = Dimorphic growth adaptability Immune evasion = Strategies to avoid immune detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biofilm formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to digest and absorb components of human tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>persister cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhalation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyenes = Form pore structures in membranes Azoles = Inhibit ergosterol synthesis 5-Flucytosine = Inhibits protein and DNA synthesis Echinocandins = Inhibit beta1,3-Glucan synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyenes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not available orally</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>healthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allylamines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treatment of Candida infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>14 alpha sterol demethylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amphotericin B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histoplasma capsulatum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tinea pedis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fungal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Candida spp = Superficial mycoses Mucormycosis = Subcutaneous mycoses Cryptococcus neoformans = Invasive mycoses Microsporum canis = Superficial mycoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspergillus fumigatus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Candida spp and Aspergillus spp</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>yeast, hyphae, pseudohyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Invasive bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis = High mortality Aspergillosis-related allergy = Asthma sufferers Disseminated Aspergillosis = 60-90% mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Present in mammalian cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary and Opportunistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Candida auris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability of a fungus to cause disease.

These are genetic factors that help a fungus cause disease.

This involves disrupting a gene, creating a mutant fungus, and seeing if it becomes less harmful.

This refers to examining the genetic cause of a changed or abnormal phenotype.

The ability of a fungus to grow at 37 degrees Celsius.

A protective layer that helps fungi adhere to surfaces and resist antifungal drugs.

Changes in fungal form, like switching between yeast and hyphae. It's important for adhesion and invasion.

Changes to the surface of a cell, detoxification mechanisms, and biofilm formation help fungi survive.

Fungi can camouflage themselves from the immune system or produce substances to avoid detection.

The ability to digest and absorb human tissue, causing damage.

A type of fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii.

A fungal species that commonly infects immunocompromised individuals.

A fungal species that can infect even healthy individuals.

A form of Cryptococcus that has a thick capsule.

A rare fungal infection affecting the lungs.

A serious form of Cryptococcus infection affecting the brain.

A fungal infection that primarily affects individuals with compromised immune systems.

Drug that disrupts the fungal cell membrane.

A type of antifungal agent that inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of fungal cell membranes.

Drug that inhibits DNA synthesis in fungi.

An antifungal agent that blocks the production of glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall.

A group of natural antifungal compounds that create pores in fungal cell membranes.

A group of synthetic antifungal drugs that inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol.

A group of synthetic antifungals that inhibit the synthesis of squalene epoxidase.

A synthetic antifungal drug that disrupts fungal protein and DNA synthesis.

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that absorb nutrients by breaking down organic material into simple molecules through enzyme secretion. There are over 1.5 million species, with approximately 8000 pathogenic to plants and 600 pathogenic to humans.

Yeast are unicellular, round or oval-shaped fungi that don't change shape. They multiply by budding, leaving scars on the mother cell. An example is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, used for fermentation.

Polymorphic fungi can switch between growth forms, like yeast and hyphae, in response to environmental changes. An example is Candida albicans, a commensal organism found in the human body.

Moulds are obligate filamentous fungi that produce conidia (spores). They cannot revert back to a yeast form once they develop hyphae. An example is Aspergillus fumigatus.

The fungal cell wall is a unique structure absent in mammalian cells. It's composed of complex polysaccharides like chitin, glucan, mannan, and proteins, forming a robust barrier.

Primary fungal pathogens can infect healthy individuals, often through inhalation. Examples include Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Parracoccidioides brasiliensis, and Coccidioides immitis. They are geographically restricted.

Opportunistic fungal pathogens mainly infect immunocompromised individuals, often through various routes of infection. Examples include Dermatophytes, Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., and Cryptococcus spp. They are globally found.

Superficial mycoses are fungal infections that primarily affect the outer layers of the skin, hair, and nails. They are not lethal but can cause discomfort. Examples include Tinea pedis (athlete's foot), Candida infections (thrush), and Malassezia infections (dandruff).

Subcutaneous mycoses are fungal infections affecting the subcutaneous tissue, usually introduced through skin injuries. They can be debilitating but are not usually lethal. Examples include Chromoblastomycosis and Madura foot.

Invasive mycoses are serious fungal infections that can spread throughout the body, often affecting internal organs. They are usually lethal, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Examples include Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., Aspergillus spp., and Pneumocystis spp.

Dermatophytes are a group of filamentous fungi that cause superficial mycoses, such as athlete's foot, by digesting keratin from skin, hair, and nails. They include three genera: Microsporum spp., Epidermophyton spp., and Trichophyton spp.

The Candida species, like Candida albicans, are yeasts that can cause both superficial and invasive infections. They are often part of the normal microbiota but can overgrow in individuals with weakened immune systems or specific conditions.

The ability of Candida albicans to be a commensal organism in the human body despite its potential to cause disease allows for the development of a balanced microbiota. This relationship is essential for the host's health.