Fungal Infections of the Respiratory Tract
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Questions and Answers

Which type of infections are more common than fungal infections of the lung?

  • Bacterial and viral infections (correct)
  • Fungal infections of the gastrointestinal tract
  • Fungal infections of the skin
  • Parasitic infections
  • What is the range of virulence for fungal infections of the lung?

  • Always causing severe symptoms
  • From causing no symptoms to causing death (correct)
  • Always causing death
  • From causing mild symptoms to causing death
  • Which population is at an increased risk for invasive fungal infections?

  • Patients with bacterial infections
  • Patients with acute illnesses
  • Patients with viral infections
  • Patients with chronic debilitating diseases (correct)
  • Which group of patients is NOT included in the population at risk for invasive fungal infections?

    <p>Patients with acute illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the surge in rates of invasive fungal infections?

    <p>Increased size of the population at risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of opportunistic fungal infections?

    <p>They are more common in individuals with compromised immune systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most prevalent opportunistic fungal infection?

    <p>Systemic candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungal infection is the leading cause of infection-related death in stem cell transplant recipients?

    <p>Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major endemic mycosis found in North America and Africa?

    <p>Aspergillosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endemic fungal infections are primarily influenced by which factors?

    <p>Soil and climate conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regions are home to three major endemic mycoses?

    <p>North America and Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fungal infections is considered an endemic dimorphic mycosis?

    <p>Histoplasmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fungal infections can cause invasive disease only in immunocompromised patients?

    <p>Aspergillosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of mycoses can cause disease in both normal and immunocompromised patients?

    <p>Endemic dimorphic mycoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungal pathogen is commonly found growing on human skin or mucosa and does not require a shift to a spore form to infect a host?

    <p>C. albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungal pathogen forms cysts with sexual spores, but it is unclear if they play a role in spreading infection to new hosts?

    <p>Pneumocystis jirovecii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Candida is the most frequently isolated from respiratory samples?

    <p>Candida albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which predisposing clinical circumstances are commonly associated with Candida pneumonia?

    <p>Hematologic malignancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of Candida pneumonia?

    <p>Rare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the body is Candida pneumonia primarily observed?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is the most frequent cause of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA)?

    <p>Aspergillus fumigatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Aspergillus conidia primarily transmitted?

    <p>Airborne transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Aspergillus conidia typically eliminated by the human body?

    <p>By the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient population is commonly affected by respiratory infections caused by Aspergillus spp.?

    <p>Critically ill patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals is NOT commonly affected by Blastomycosis?

    <p>Birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Blastomycosis?

    <p>Skin rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism causes blastomycosis in humans and other animals?

    <p>Blastomyces dermatitidis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for blastomycosis?

    <p>Gilchrist's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells are involved in the phagocytosis of Blastomyces dermatitidis conidia in the lungs?

    <p>Neutrophils and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to some of the inhaled conidia of B. dermatitidis after phagocytosis?

    <p>They escape phagocytosis and transform into yeast phase rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment of choice for most forms of blastomycosis?

    <p>Itraconazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be said about the cure rates in blastomycosis with appropriate treatment?

    <p>Cure rates are high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for engulfing and neutralizing fungi in the lungs?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for collections of immune cells that form in response to fungal infection?

    <p>Granulomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the long-term consequences of fungal infections in the lungs?

    <p>Formation of calcified granulomas and scars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be seen on X-ray images years after a fungal infection?

    <p>Calcified granulomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do most pulmonary fungal infections occur?

    <p>Through inhalation of aerosolized fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is fungal infection typically controlled in healthy individuals?

    <p>Through activation of secondary or adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic ability of some fungi that enables them to evade destruction by macrophages?

    <p>Rapid growth and multiplication inside macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most effective preventive measure for individuals at risk of fungal infections?

    <p>Avoiding activities associated with exposure to fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antifungal class presents the widest spectrum of activity?

    <p>Polyenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which azole is active against Mucorales?

    <p>Posaconazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antifungal medication is not active against filamentous fungi?

    <p>Fluconazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of azoles?

    <p>Fungistatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is the most common cause of opportunistic infection in persons with HIV infection?

    <p>Pneumocystis jirovecii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for mild, moderate, or severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP)?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are corticosteroids used as adjunctive initial therapy for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP)?

    <p>In patients with HIV infection who have severe PJP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment has been shown to be as effective as intravenous pentamidine in managing PJP/PCP?

    <p>Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common route of transmission for Cryptococcus neoformans?

    <p>Inhalation of contaminated soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the recommended treatment options for Cryptococcus neoformans infection?

    <p>Azoles or amphotericin B, with or without flucytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cryptococcosis neoformans is a defining opportunistic infection for which condition?

    <p>AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

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