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Questions and Answers
Coccidioidomycosis is associated with exposure to dust during archaeological excavations.
True
Blastomycosis has a unique sign of palatal ulcers.
False
Paracoccidioidomycosis exhibits a 'captain's wheel' formation under the microscope.
True
Histoplasmosis is caused by a fungus that is smaller than red blood cells.
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All four fungal diseases listed have the same treatment options.
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Erythema nodosum is a unique symptom associated with Coccidioidomycosis.
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The size of the Coccidioides spherule is significantly smaller than a red blood cell.
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Histoplasmosis is endemic to Latin America.
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Blastomycosis is primarily located in the Southwestern US.
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Histoplasmosis can cause pancytopenia as one of its unique signs and symptoms.
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Coccidioidomycosis can lead to symptoms such as meningitis and arthralgias.
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Paracoccidioidomycosis is more common in females than males.
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Fluconazole and Itraconazole are used for the systemic treatment of Blastomycosis.
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The size of the spherule filled with endospores of Coccidioides is much smaller than a red blood cell.
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Erythema nodosum is a common symptom associated with both Histoplasmosis and Coccidioidomycosis.
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Histoplasma has a larger size compared to red blood cells.
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Blastomycosis is endemic to the Southwestern US.
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The unique symptoms of Paracoccidioidomycosis include a higher prevalence in males compared to females.
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Coccidioidomycosis can lead to skin symptoms such as erythema nodosum.
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Histoplasmosis is associated with bat droppings and can cause splenomegaly.
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The spherule of Coccidioides is the same size as a red blood cell.
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Fluconazole is used for treating systemic infections of all four listed fungal diseases.
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Macrophage filled with a specific fungus is a pathologic feature of Coccidioidomycosis.
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The unique signs and symptoms of Blastomycosis can include inflammatory lung disease.
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Study Notes
Fungal Diseases Overview
-
Histoplasmosis:
- Endemic to Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys
- Pathologic Features: Macrophages filled with Histoplasma (smaller than red blood cells)
- Unique Signs and Symptoms: Palatal/tongue ulcers, Erythema nodosum, Splenomegaly, Pancytopenia
- Notes:
- Associated with bird or bat droppings
- Diagnosis: Urine/serum antigen tests
- Treatment:
- Local Infection: Fluconazole, Itraconazole
- Systemic Infection: Amphotericin B
-
Blastomycosis:
- Endemic to Eastern and Central US, Great Lakes
- Pathologic Features: Broad-based budding of Blastomyces (same size as red blood cells)
- Unique Signs and Symptoms: Inflammatory lung disease, Dissemination to bone and skin (verrucous lesions mimicking squamous cell carcinoma).
- Treatment:
- Local Infection: Fluconazole, Itraconazole
- Systemic Infection: Amphotericin B
-
Coccidioidomycosis:
- Endemic to Southwestern US, California
- Pathologic Features: Spherule filled with endospores of Coccidioides (much larger than red blood cells)
- Unique Signs and Symptoms: Dissemination to bone/skin, Erythema nodosum ("desert bumps"), Multiforme Arthralgias ("desert rheumatism”), Meningitis
- Notes:
- Associated with dust exposure in endemic areas (e.g., archaeological excavations, earthquakes)
- Treatment:
- Local Infection: Fluconazole, Itraconazole
- Systemic Infection: Amphotericin B
-
Paracoccidioidomycosis:
- Endemic to Latin America
- Pathologic Features: Budding yeast of Paracoccidioides with "captain's wheel" formation (much larger than red blood cells).
- Unique Signs and Symptoms: Similar to blastomycosis, but males are more commonly affected than females.
- Treatment:
- Local Infection: Fluconazole, Itraconazole
- Systemic Infection: Amphotericin B
Additional Notes
- Pathologic Features: The descriptions of fungal structures observed under the microscope, including their size relative to red blood cells.
- Endemic Locations: Regions where the disease is most prevalent.
- Characteristics: The fungi can exist in a yeast form and a mold form depending on the temperature: 20°C (mold) and 37°C (yeast).
- Unique Signs and Symptoms: Specific signs and symptoms which help with clinical diagnosis.
- Notes: Additional information like associated conditions and treatment options.
Microscopic Images
- Image A: Histoplasma
- Image B: Blastomyces
- Image C: Coccidioides spherule filled with endospores
- Image D: Coccidioidomycosis spherule at 37°C
- Image E: Paracoccidioides budding yeast with "captain's wheel" formation
Fungal Diseases
- Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Paracoccidioidomycosis are dimorphic fungal infections.
- Dimorphic fungi transition between a yeast form at 37°C and a mold form at 20°C.
- Histoplasmosis is associated with bird or bat droppings and is found in the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys.
- Blastomycosis is found in the Eastern and Central United States, including the Great Lakes region.
- Coccidioidomycosis is found in the Southwestern United States, particularly California.
- Paracoccidioidomycosis is found in Latin America.
- All four diseases are treated with antifungal medications such as Fluconazole, Itraconazole, and Amphotericin B.
- Treatment depends on the severity of the infection, with local infections requiring less aggressive treatment than systemic infections.
Microscopic Features
- Histoplasma is smaller than a red blood cell.
- Blastomycosis is the same size as a red blood cell, seen with broad-based budding.
- Coccidioides is much larger than a red blood cell and contains endospores within spherules.
- Paracoccidioides is much larger than a red blood cell and appears as budding yeast with "captain's wheel" formation.
Unique Signs and Symptoms
- Histoplasmosis can cause palatal/tongue ulcers, erythema nodosum, splenomegaly, and pancytopenia.
- Blastomycosis can cause inflammatory lung disease, dissemination to bone, and skin lesions resembling squamous cell carcinoma.
- Coccidioidomycosis can cause bone and skin dissemination, erythema nodosum, arthralgias, and meningitis.
- Paracoccidioidomycosis exhibits similar symptoms to Blastomycosis, with males being more affected than females.
Other Notes
- Histoplasmosis is diagnosed via urine or serum antigen testing.
- Coccidioidomycosis is associated with dust exposure in endemic areas.
- Diagnosis and treatment depend on the area of infection, clinical history, and microscopic examination.
- Antifungal medications commonly used are chosen based on the severity and location of infection.
Fungal Diseases
- Histoplasmosis is endemic to the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys.
- Histoplasmosis is caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum.
- Histoplasmosis is characterized by macrophage filled with Histoplasma which are smaller than red blood cells.
- Histoplasmosis can present as Palatal/tongue ulcers, Erythema nodosum, Splenomegaly, Pancytopenia.
- Histoplasmosis is associated with bird or bat droppings.
- Histoplasmosis is diagnosed via urine/serum antigen.
- Histoplasmosis is treated with Fluconazole, Itraconazole for local infections and Amphotericin B for systemic infections.
Blastomycosis
- Blastomycosis is endemic to the Eastern and Central US, Great Lakes.
- Blastomycosis is caused by the fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis.
- Blastomycosis features broad-based budding of Blastomyces that are the same size as red blood cells.
- Blastomycosis often presents as inflammatory lung disease, and can disseminate to bone and skin.
- Blastomycosis skin manifestations include verrucous lesions which may mimic squamous cell carcinoma.
- Blastomycosis is treated with Fluconazole, Itraconazole for local infections and Amphotericin B for systemic infections.
Coccidioidomycosis
- Coccidioidomycosis is endemic to the Southwestern US, California.
- Coccidioidomycosis is caused by the fungus Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii.
- Coccidioidomycosis is characterized by spherules filled with endospores, much larger than red blood cells.
- Coccidioidomycosis can disseminate to bone, skin, and often presents as Erythema nodosum ("desert bumps") and multiforme arthralgias ("desert rheumatism").
- Coccidioidomycosis can cause meningitis.
- Coccidioidomycosis is associated with dust exposure in endemic areas.
- Coccidioidomycosis is treated with Fluconazole, Itraconazole for local infections and Amphotericin B for systemic infections.
Paracoccidioidomycosis
- Paracoccidioidomycosis is endemic to Latin America.
- Paracoccidioidomycosis is caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.
- Paracoccidioidomycosis features budding yeast of Paracoccidioides that are much larger than red blood cells and have a "captain's wheel" formation.
- Paracoccidioidomycosis often presents with similar symptoms to blastomycosis.
- Paracoccidioidomycosis is more common in males than females.
- Paracoccidioidomycosis is treated with Fluconazole, Itraconazole for local infections and Amphotericin B for systemic infections.
General Characteristics of Fungal Diseases
- These fungal diseases are caused by dimorphic fungi, meaning they can exist in both a mold and yeast form depending on the temperature.
- The mold form grows at 20°C (room temperature), while the yeast form grows at 37°C (body temperature).
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Description
This quiz covers the key aspects of various fungal diseases, focusing on Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, and Coccidioidomycosis. Learn about their pathologic features, unique signs and symptoms, and treatment options. Test your understanding of these important infectious diseases and their geographical relevance.
