Fundamentals of Physics Quiz

Mass: Amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg).
Weight: Force due to gravity acting on an object, calculated as ( W = mg ), where ( g ) is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately ( 9.81 , m/s^2 ) on Earth).
Force: Interaction that changes the motion of an object, measured in newtons (N).
- Newton's Second Law: ( F = ma ) (Force = mass × acceleration).

Kinematics: Study of motion without considering its causes.
- Key equations of motion for uniformly accelerated motion:
  1. ( v = u + at )
  2. ( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 )
  3. ( v^2 = u^2 + 2as )
Dynamics: Study of forces and their effects on motion.
Conservation Laws:
- Conservation of Momentum: Total momentum before an interaction equals total momentum after (in an isolated system).
- Conservation of Energy: Total energy remains constant; energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed.

Temperature: Measure of kinetic energy of particles; scales include Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit.
Heat Transfer Methods:
- Conduction: Heat transfer through direct contact.
- Convection: Heat transfer through fluid movement.
- Radiation: Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves.

Wave Properties:
- Wavelength: Distance between consecutive crests/troughs.
- Frequency: Number of waves passing a point per second.
- Amplitude: Maximum displacement from the rest position.
Types of Waves:
- Longitudinal (e.g., sound waves)
- Transverse (e.g., electromagnetic waves)
Light: Acts both as a wave and a particle (dual nature).
- Reflection: Bouncing of light off a surface.
- Refraction: Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

Electric Charge: Property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electromagnetic field.
- Types: Positive and negative.
Ohm's Law: Relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R): ( V = IR ).
Magnetism: Magnetic fields are created by moving electric charges.
- Electromagnetism: Interaction between electric currents and magnetic fields, described by Maxwell's equations.

Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Deals with objects moving at constant speeds, particularly at speeds close to the speed of light; introduces concepts like time dilation and length contraction.
Quantum Mechanics: Study of particles at atomic and subatomic levels; introduces principles like quantization of energy, wave-function, and uncertainty principle.

Physics in Technology: Underpins advances in engineering, telecommunications, electronics, and various scientific fields.
Everyday Applications: Understanding mechanics, energy efficiency, electricity usage, and wave behavior enhances everyday technology and problem-solving abilities.

Mass is the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg).
Weight is the force due to gravity acting on an object, calculated as ( W = mg ), where ( g ) is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately ( 9.81 , m/s^2 ) on Earth).
Force is an interaction that changes the motion of an object, measured in newtons (N).

Kinematics is the study of motion without considering its causes.
Key equations of motion for uniformly accelerated motion:
- ( v = u + at )
- ( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 )
- ( v^2 = u^2 + 2as )
Dynamics is the study of forces and their effects on motion.
Conservation Laws:
- Conservation of Momentum: Total momentum before an interaction equals total momentum after (in an isolated system).
- Conservation of Energy: Total energy remains constant; energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed.

Temperature measures the kinetic energy of particles. Common scales are Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit.
Heat Transfer Methods:
- Conduction: Heat transfer through direct contact.
- Convection: Heat transfer through fluid movement.
- Radiation: Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves.

Wave Properties:
- Wavelength: Distance between consecutive crests/troughs.
- Frequency: Number of waves passing a point per second.
- Amplitude: Maximum displacement from the rest position.
Types of Waves:
- Longitudinal (e.g., sound waves)
- Transverse (e.g., electromagnetic waves)
Light acts both as a wave and a particle (dual nature).
Reflection: Bouncing of light off a surface.
Refraction: Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

Electric Charge: Property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electromagnetic field.
- Types: Positive and Negative.
Ohm's Law: Relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R): ( V = IR ).
Magnetism: Magnetic fields are created by moving electric charges.
Electromagnetism: Interaction between electric currents and magnetic fields, described by Maxwell's equations.

Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Deals with objects moving at constant speeds, particularly at speeds close to the speed of light; introduces concepts like time dilation and length contraction.
- General Relativity: Explains gravity as the curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy.
Quantum Mechanics: Study of particles at atomic and subatomic levels; introduces principles like quantization of energy, wave-function, and uncertainty principle.

Physics in Technology: Underpins advances in engineering, telecommunications, electronics, and various scientific fields.
Everyday Applications: Understanding mechanics, energy efficiency, electricity usage, and wave behavior enhances everyday technology and problem-solving abilities.