Questions and Answers
What is assessment in nursing?
Collecting vital signs, pain levels, and other signs/symptoms.
What does diagnosis refer to in nursing?
Nurse makes a nursing diagnosis based on assessment of patient; not a medical diagnosis.
What does planning entail in nursing?
Nurse comes up with client-centered goals; need to be measurable.
What is meant by implementing in nursing?
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What is evaluation in nursing?
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What is the normal range for temperature?
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What is the normal range for pulse?
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What is the normal range for respirations?
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What is the normal range for blood pressure?
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What is a normal range for pulse oximetry?
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What does SOLER stand for?
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Which of the following are types of pain? (Select all that apply)
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What is pain threshold?
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What is pain tolerance?
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Which factors may influence pain? (Select all that apply)
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What are common behavioral responses to pain? (Select all that apply)
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What is pharmacological pain relief?
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What are NSAIDs and non-opioids used for?
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What are opioids used for?
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What is Naloxone (Narcan)?
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What does Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) allow?
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What are anesthetics?
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What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
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What are carbohydrates?
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What role do proteins play in the body?
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What are fats?
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What percentage of body weight is composed of water?
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What is the role of vitamins?
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What are minerals in the context of nutrition?
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What is the Free Radical Theory?
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Study Notes
Nursing Process
- Assessment: Involves collecting vital signs, pain levels, and other signs or symptoms of the patient.
- Diagnosis: Focuses on nursing diagnoses derived from patient assessments, distinct from medical diagnoses.
- Planning: Establishes client-centered, measurable goals (e.g., "client will ambulate 10 meters 3x daily for 2 weeks").
- Implementing: Execution of the care plan developed for the patient.
- Evaluation: Determines if goals were met, partially met, or not met and assesses the effectiveness of the care plan.
Normal Vital Signs Ranges
- Temperature: Normal range is 96.8°F to 100.4°F.
- Pulse: Normal pulse rate is 60 to 100 beats per minute.
- Respirations: Normal respiratory rate ranges from 12 to 20 breaths per minute.
- Blood Pressure: Normal range is 100/60 mmHg to 140/90 mmHg.
- Pulse Oximetry: Normal oxygen saturation level should be greater than 95%.
Communication Techniques
- SOLER: A mnemonic for effective communication: Sit close, Observe, Lean forward, Establish eye contact, Relax.
Pain Management
- Types of Pain: Includes acute, chronic, cancer-related pain, inferred pathology pain, and idiopathic pain.
- Pain Threshold: Refers to the specific level of stimulus required to perceive pain.
- Pain Tolerance: Represents the maximum level of pain a patient can endure without affecting daily activities.
- Factors Influencing Pain: Age, fatigue, genetic predisposition, neurological status, social and spiritual contexts, psychological state, and cultural background.
Behavioral Responses to Pain
- Observable behaviors may include clenching teeth, holding the painful area, altered posture, grimacing, or moaning; confusion may mask pain response.
Pharmacological Pain Relief
- Analgesics: Includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), non-opioids, opioids, and adjuvants for managing pain.
- NSAIDs & Non-opioids: Over-the-counter options with analgesic and antipyretic effects; inhibit prostaglandin synthesis; caution due to potential liver toxicity when overdosed.
- Opioids: Prescribed for moderate to severe pain; common side effects include respiratory depression, constipation, and altered mental status.
- Naloxone (Narcan): An opioid antagonist used to reverse respiratory depression caused by opioid overdose.
- Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA): Allows patients to manage their pain medication delivery within safe limits, reducing overdose risk.
Anesthetics
- Agents that depress the central nervous system for loss of consciousness and sensory responsiveness; may be general or local.
Nutritional Components
- Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): The energy required for maintaining basic physiological functions.
- Carbohydrates: Primary energy source necessary for brain and muscle function; found in grains, fruits, and vegetables.
- Proteins: Crucial for growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissue; derived from amino acids; needs to be balanced.
- Fats: Comprised of triglycerides and fatty acids; can be classified as saturated, unsaturated, essential, or nonessential.
- Water: Constitutes 60-70% of body weight; essential for cellular function and hydration; illness can increase fluid requirements.
Vitamins and Minerals
- Vitamins: Required for normal metabolic processes; categorized into fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (C and B complex).
- Minerals: Inorganic elements vital as catalysts in biochemical reactions; assist in maintaining acid/base balance and oxygen transport.
Free Radical Theory
- Suggests that free radicals produced during metabolism can damage cells; some evidence indicates that their effects may be mitigated by antioxidant intake.
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Test your knowledge with this study guide focusing on essential nursing concepts. The flashcards cover key terms such as assessment, diagnosis, planning, and implementation in nursing practice, providing a solid foundation for nursing students. Perfect for reviewing important definitions and improving your nursing skills.