Fundamentals of Nursing Chapter 1

Fundamentals of Nursing 9th Edition Study Notes

• Chapter 1: The Profession of Nursing:

• Trends in nursing education now show a more diverse student population compared to 50 years ago.

• Nurses' actions are often guided by non-nursing theories, such as change theory, to address patient needs like better blood sugar control. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs helps prioritize care.

• QSEN (Quality and Safety Education for Nurses) competencies include patient-centered care, teamwork, evidence-based practice, and quality improvement.

• Nurses act as caregivers, communicators, and educators in multiple roles. Managing and coordinating care is a manager and coordinator role. Explaining procedures falls under the educator role.

• Graduate entry programs allow individuals with non-nursing degrees to pursue a master's degree in nursing.

• Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) or Vocational Nurses (LVNs) complete a shorter program usually in one year.

• Dorothea Dix established the US Army Nurse Corps.

• Outpatient settings are becoming more common due to healthcare costs. Meeting a patient's belonging needs is provided by group activities.

• Identifying when to administer a medication based on a prn order falls into the collaborative role of nursing.

• Correctly stated nursing interventions are specific, measurable, and realistic.

• Registered nurses (RNs) develop the patient plan of care.

• Modern nursing trends include birthing centers, home and community-based healthcare, and wellness programs.

• The ANA's Standards of Practice guide nursing care.

• Reporting findings to the physician is a communicative role.

• A baccalaureate program offers a comprehensive education, including liberal arts.

• An Associate’s Degree in Nursing (ADN) is prepared to deliver technical nursing care.

• Socialization into nursing involves learning terminology and role-related behaviors.

• Increased patient needs, rather than just professional organizations, are a significant driver of nursing practice.

• The American Journal of Nursing was a first published nursing-run journal.

• The Goldmark Report advocated for university-based nursing programs. A need for university-based nursing education arose during World War II.

• Lillian Wald founded the Henry Street Settlement, the first public health service.

• Chapter 2: The Nurse's Role in Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety:

• Top-down flowcharts sequence steps in a process, like medication administration.

• The Institute of Medicine advances public understanding of health care issues.

• Quality assurance is reactive to problems, rather than proactive.

• Root cause analysis determines underlying causes of issues like a patient fall.

• Control charts graph data to identify variations over time.

• Quality focus is meeting patient needs and wants.

• A deployment flowchart shows the step-by-step processes and who is involved where.

• Critical pathways are standardized treatment plans for specific conditions.

• Chapter 3: Values, Ethics, and Legal Issues:

• Nurses must clarify ambiguous medication orders.

• Battery is the unlawful touching of a person.

• Nurses cannot practice outside of their scope of licensure.

• Malpractice cases are a kind of civil matter.

• Maintaining patient confidentiality is crucial.

• Breach of privacy occurs when information is inappropriately shared.

• Fidelity, the ethical principle of faithfulness, arises when a patient's wishes conflict with a family's.

• Veracity is telling the truth, vital in the nurse-patient relationship.

• Justice guides decisions involving resource allocation.

• A living will states a patient's preferences for medical treatment.

• Surrogate decision makers are appointed when patients are incapacitated.

• Non-maleficence means avoiding harm.

• Beneficence means promoting goodness and well-being.

• The ANA's Code of Ethics defines nursing conduct

• Acting in a patient's best interest is often a moral imperative, even if it conflicts with another team member.

• Personal morality is individual beliefs. Personal values are beliefs a person considers important.

• Nursing ethics encompass professional standards of conduct.

• Values inquiry encourages exploration of social issues.

• Values clarification helps individuals identify their personal values.

• Socialization into nursing most significantly affects values.

• Standards for decision making that endure for a significant time in one's life are values.

• Kohlberg's preconventional stage involves obedience to rules or avoiding punishment.

• Peers are a major influence on adolescent value formation.

• Values are codified in social institutions, and then adopted, adapted or dismissed based on a person's life experiences and social system.

• A hospital's institutional policies may affect treatment choices, like those related to tubal ligation.

• Chapter 4: Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Care:

• The Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) is a valuable resource for nursing research.

• Evidence-based practice is a recent development using research to support practice.

• Replicating studies and sharing research findings help validate claims.

• Independent variables are manipulated to determine their effects on dependent variables.

• A good problem statement, in research, identifies a relationship between variables.

• Networking with researchers allows for the dissemination of knowledge.

• Qualitative research explores factors that are descriptive. Quantitative research uses numerical data.

• Diers' holistic nursing perspective identifies factors relevant to nursing research.

• Nurses ensure patient anonymity.

• Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) protect human subjects in research.

• The problem statement identifies the population and direction of the research.

• Independent variables are manipulated in research.

• The literature review identifies relevant published research sources.

• Nominal data is a numeric data-gathering method. Qualitative research uses subjective data.

• The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) supports nursing research, health promotion and prevention and mitigating disability.

• Nursing research has been present in the profession since Florence Nightingale's work. The first stages of research and nursing process are linked at the assessment phase. Nursing research is a systematic investigation into nursing practices and patient care. Evidence-based nursing care focuses on using research and assessing patient outcomes. Nurses can improve care by critically evaluating the reliability of research studies. Theoretical frameworks advance knowledge and practice. A conceptual framework contains concepts and propositions that are linked in a structured manner.

• Chapter 5: Nursing Process: Foundation for Clinical Judgment:

• Human patient simulators are sophisticated mannequins used for clinical training.

• Reflection helps nurses understand experiences.

• Nurses collect data from various sources to obtain a complete picture of patient needs.

• Clinical reasoning helps nurses make sound judgments to provide safe, quality care.

• Integration of knowledge leads to effective patient care.

• Kinesthetic learning is crucial in clinical settings. Active experimenters engage with the clinical environment. Clinical learning can be impeded by anxiety.

• Critical thinking is fundamental for providing high-quality care to patients with financial and educational limitations. Assessment involves gathering data. Evaluation determines if patient goals have been met. The Nursing Process phases: 1) Assessment; 2) Nursing Diagnosis; 3) Planning; 4) Implementation; 5) Evaluation.

• Functional health patterns inform assessment methods

• Information-processing theory helps process assessment data. The patient is the primary source, while the chart is a secondary source.

• Nursing diagnoses identify actual health problems.

• Outcome identification involves setting patient-centered, measurable goals.

• The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International (NANDA-I) defines nursing diagnoses

• Registered nurses can make nursing diagnoses. The written patient plan of care is used with the nursing process. Nurses apply clinical knowledge, nursing theories, and evidence-based practice to patient care.

• The nursing process begins with patient assessment which encompasses the collection of subjective and objective data.

• Chapter 6: Nursing Assessment:

• Validating data includes comparing it to normal findings, clarifying statements, and seeking colleagues' consensus.

• Validate inferences by confirming with the patient. Assess patient for nonverbal cues.

• Nursing histories are generally 30–60 minutes, performed initially.

• RNs are ultimately responsible for the accuracy of assessments.

• Auscultation assesses things like bowel sounds.

• Examples of objective data are lab results, breath sounds, and temperature; subjective data comes from patient description.

• A critical problem on a unit requires a focused assessment.

• A patient's prior chart at a different facility is a secondary source.

• Objective data are measurable findings. Subjective data involve patient statements. This ensures that nurses accurately collect information from both primary and secondary data sources.

This quiz covers the key concepts from Chapter 1 of the Fundamentals of Nursing 9th Edition. Explore the evolution of nursing education, the roles nurses play in patient care, and essential competencies outlined by QSEN. Test your knowledge on foundational nursing theories and practices that guide modern nursing.