Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

The thickness of the boundary film is primarily influenced by the velocity, viscosity, density, and temperature of the fluid.

Laminar flow is characterized by fluid layers moving smoothly over one another with no mixing, and the velocity is highest at the center of the pipe and zero at the pipe wall.

Turbulent flow typically occurs at Reynolds numbers greater than or equal to 4000.

<p>The Reynolds number helps characterize flow regimes, indicating whether the flow is laminar, transitional, or turbulent based on its value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transitional flow may exhibit characteristics of both laminar and turbulent flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turbulent flow reduces the formation of deposits on heat exchangers by keeping particles in suspension more effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The boundary film acts as a thermal resistance layer that impacts the rate of heat transfer between the fluid and the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In streamline flow, particles can experience a larger range of residence times, which is crucial for processes like heat treatment of liquids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ideal fluid is defined as incompressible, has zero viscosity, and is irrotational. It is considered imaginary because no real fluid possesses these perfect characteristics under natural conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Real fluids possess viscosity, enabling them to sustain frictional and shear stresses, unlike ideal fluids which have zero viscosity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Newtonian fluids are those that exhibit a linear relationship between shear stress and shear rate. An example of a Newtonian fluid is water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shear stress is the force applied parallel to the fluid’s surface that initiates flow. It determines how the fluid layers move relative to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As temperature increases, the viscosity of most liquids decreases, making them flow more easily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudoplastic fluids decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate, while dilatant fluids increase in viscosity with increasing shear rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shear rate describes the rate at which adjacent layers of fluid move relative to one another, influencing the fluid's viscosity and flow behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As the concentration of a non-Newtonian fluid increases, its viscosity may also increase, leading to a transition from Newtonian to non-Newtonian behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The flow of brake oil is determined to be turbulent because the Reynolds number (Re) calculated is 73,571, which is greater than 4,000.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Reynolds number (Re) for engine oil is 1,144.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Reynolds number is influenced by fluid density, flow velocity, characteristic length (diameter), and viscosity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liquids can often be treated as incompressible because their volume changes minimally under normal pressure variations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bulk modulus of elasticity represents the measure of a fluid's resistance to compression and is defined by the relationship K = -dP/(dV/V).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The negative sign in the compressibility formula accounts for the decrease in volume (dV) when pressure (dP) increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher flow velocities generally increase the Reynolds number, which can shift the flow from streamline to turbulent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Under normal conditions, the compressibility of liquids is often negligible due to their close particle packing, but it becomes significant under high pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formula is $P = \rho hg$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Terminal velocity is the constant velocity attained when the net gravitational force equals the upward drag force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A particle will rise if its density is smaller than that of the fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrodynamics focuses on fluid flows with no density changes and the forces on bodies immersed in fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drag coefficient (C) quantifies the drag force experienced by an object moving through a fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gas dynamics studies fluid flows where density changes occur, particularly high-speed gas flows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ideal fluids have no viscosity and do not resist flow, while real fluids have viscosity and can exhibit resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fluid returns to its original state of rest after disturbance by the body passes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationship is given by the equation $\rho = \frac{M}{V}$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific weight can be defined as $\omega = \rho g$, where $g$ is the acceleration due to gravity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a liquid to the density of water, calculated as $\text{S.g} = \frac{\rho_{\text{liquid}}}{\rho_{\text{water}}}$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The equation of state is $pv = mRT$, where R represents the gas constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Density can be expressed using the equation $p = \frac{m}{v} = \rho RT$ derived from the state equation for gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As the compression pressure increases, the resistance to compression (K) also increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific volume is the reciprocal of specific weight, representing the volume occupied by a unit weight of the fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gas constant (R) is unique for each type of gas, affecting its behavior under varying conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cv represents the specific heat capacity at constant volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cp is the sum of the increase in internal energy and the work of expansion, expressed as h = u + pv.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationship is given by Cp = Cv + R, where R is the universal gas constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specific heat ratio, denoted as γ, is defined as γ = Cp/Cv.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cv = 1298.75 J/kg.K.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cp is derived as Cp = Cv + R, substituting the value of Cv into this equation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The equation is $rac{\delta h}{\delta T} = \frac{\delta u}{\delta T} + R$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The universal gas constant R signifies the relationship between temperature, volume, and pressure in an ideal gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers