Fundamentals of Electricity Quiz

Electric Charge:
- Basic property of matter; comes in two types: positive and negative.
- Measured in coulombs (C).
Current (I):
- Flow of electric charge.
- Measured in amperes (A).
- Direction conventionally taken as the flow of positive charge.
Voltage (V):
- Electric potential difference between two points.
- Measured in volts (V).
- Drives the flow of current.
Resistance (R):
- Opposition to current flow.
- Measured in ohms (Ω).
- Depends on material, length, and cross-sectional area of the conductor.

Types:
- Series Circuit: Components connected end-to-end; same current flows through each component.
- Parallel Circuit: Components connected across the same voltage source; voltage is the same across all components.
Circuit Elements:
- Resistors: Limit current and drop voltage.
- Capacitors: Store and release electrical energy; measured in farads (F).
- Inductors: Store energy in a magnetic field; measured in henries (H).

Power (P):
- Rate at which electrical energy is consumed or generated.
- Measured in watts (W).
- Formula: P = V × I

Alternating Current (AC):
- Current changes direction periodically.
- Common in household power supply.
Direct Current (DC):
- Current flows in one direction.
- Common in batteries and electronic devices.

Circuit Breakers/Fuses:
- Protect against overloads by interrupting the circuit.
Grounding:
- Provides a safe path for electric current to reduce risk of shock.
Insulation:
- Material surrounding conductors to prevent accidental contact and short circuits.

Capacitance: Ability to store charge.
Inductance: Property of a conductor to oppose changes in current.
Transformer: Device that changes voltage in AC circuits.
Semiconductors: Materials with conductivity between conductors and insulators; basis of electronic devices.

Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter and exists in two forms: positive and negative. It's measured in coulombs (C).
Current (I) is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). The direction of flow is conventionally considered the movement of positive charge.
Voltage (V) represents the electric potential difference between two points, measured in volts (V). It's the driving force behind current flow.
Resistance (R) is the opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω). Factors like material, length, and cross-sectional area of the conductor influence resistance.

It's a fundamental law describing the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) in a circuit: V = I × R.

Series circuits involve components connected end-to-end, resulting in the same current flowing through each component.
Parallel circuits have components connected across the same voltage source, leading to equal voltage across all components.
Circuit elements include:
- Resistors, which limit current and create voltage drops.
- Capacitors, which store and release electrical energy; they are measured in farads (F).
- Inductors, which store energy in a magnetic field and are measured in henries (H).

Power (P) represents the rate at which electrical energy is consumed or generated.
It is measured in watts (W).
The formula for power is P = V × I.

Alternating current (AC) changes direction periodically and is commonly used in household power supplies.
Direct current (DC) flows in one direction and is found in batteries and electronic devices.

Circuit breakers and fuses protect against overloads by interrupting the circuit when excessive current flows.
Grounding provides a safe path for electric current to flow, reducing the risk of electric shock.
Insulation surrounds conductors to prevent accidental contact and short circuits.

Capacitance refers to the ability of a component to store electrical charge.
Inductance is the property of a conductor that opposes changes in current flow.
A transformer changes voltage in alternating current (AC) circuits.
Semiconductors are materials that exhibit conductivity ranging between conductors and insulators. They form the basis of electronic devices.