Fundamentals of Communication

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes 'encoding' in the communication process?

  • The reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver.
  • The process of interpreting the message by the receiver.
  • The process of converting the message into understandable forms. (correct)
  • The environment where communication takes place.

Communication is a one-way process where a sender transmits information to a receiver without any interaction.

False (B)

What is the significance of 'communis,' the Latin root of the word 'communication'?

to share

In a communication model, a representation that illustrates the communication process is referred to as a communication ______.

<p>model</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the linear model of communication?

<p>It is a one-way process, often used in public speaking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the communication elements with their descriptions.

<p>Sender = Source of the message Receiver = Recipient of the message Channel = Medium through which the message is conveyed Feedback = Response from the receiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which communication element includes reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver?

<p>Feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The interactive model of communication does not include feedback.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Shannon-Weaver model of communication, what role does the 'transmitter' fulfill?

<p>The encoder of the message into a signal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Berlo's S-M-C-R model suggests that effective communication occurs even if the source and receiver have completely different understanding levels.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the five primary elements of Aristotle's Model of Communication.

<p>Sender, Speech, Occasion, Audience, and Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Schramm's Interactive Model, a message can be distorted by various kinds of ______, which feedback helps mitigate.

<p>noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the communication model to its key characteristic:

<p>Aristotle's Model = Earliest mass communication model with focus on speaker, message, and audience. Schramm's Model = Highlights encoding, decoding, and the influence of the field of experience. Transactional Model = Emphasizes simultaneous feedback and shared roles between sender and receiver. Shannon-Weaver's Model = Focuses on signal transmission process consisting of source, transmitter, channel, receiver and destination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary disadvantage of the transactional model of communication?

<p>It often results in increased verbal and non-verbal noise. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the key figures behind the Shannon-Weaver Model?

<p>Shannon and Weaver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Laswell's Model explores communication by answering a series of 'how' questions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Dance's Helical Model of communication, what does the upward movement of the spiral primarily represent?

<p>The novel and non-replicable nature of each communication instance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Dance's Helical Model, feedback from a previous communication has no impact on the subsequent communication.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Barnlund, what are the two types of cues that influence communication?

<p>public and private</p> Signup and view all the answers

A failure or interruption in transmitting information, leading to misunderstanding, is known as communication ______.

<p>breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of barrier arises from differing cultural norms and values between communicators?

<p>Sociocultural Barriers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of communication barrier is most directly related to a noisy environment?

<p>Physical barrier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these scenarios depicts a physiological barrier to communication?

<p>An individual with a hearing impairment struggles to understand a speaker at a conference. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Effective communication involves disregarding non-verbal cues to focus solely on verbal messages.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Semantic barriers in communication arise primarily from environmental distractions and have little to do with language itself.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of spatial distances between individuals during communication?

<p>Proxemics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each communication barrier with its primary characteristic:

<p>Physical Barrier = Environmental factors like noise or distance Physiological Barrier = Physical conditions like hearing impairment Linguistic Barrier = Differences in language or vocabulary Semantic Barrier = Misinterpretation of meaning in communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ involves attentively listening, asking questions, and providing feedback to ensure understanding.

<p>Active listening</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the nonverbal cue with its description:

<p>Kinesics = Body movements such as gestures and facial expressions Haptics = Use of touch in communication Proxemics = Spatial distances between individuals Chronemics = Use of time in communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nonverbal cue encompasses vocal cues like tone, pitch, and volume?

<p>Paralanguage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Technological barriers in communication exclusively arise from a lack of access to the latest devices.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a feature of effective communication?

<p>Ambiguity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of talk is LEAST likely to foster a positive or collaborative environment?

<p>Heavy-Control Talk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Invitations, appreciations and greetings are basic forms of social interaction.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of social interaction through communication, as highlighted in the provided content?

<p>establish a social relationship/bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

To gather data or the consensus of others in order to provide information, one would use ______ talk.

<p>search</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of talk with its primary purpose:

<p>Small Talk = To get acquainted and establish relationships Light-Control Talk = To motivate and persuade Heavy-Control Talk = To blame and coerce Straight Talk = To share feelings without judgement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of intrapersonal communication?

<p>Communication with oneself (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, Heavy-Control Talk is an appropriate method for regulating individuals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the 'Regulation or Control' function of communication?

<p>A judge instructing a jury to consider the evidence before making a verdict. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of talk is best suited for expressing emotions in a non-judgemental way?

<p>Straight Talk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Communication primarily serves a single, isolated function in human interaction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of external motivation and briefly explain how it influences behavior.

<p>A child being promised a reward for good grades is an example of external motivation. This influences behavior by incentivizing the child to study harder to receive the reward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The function of communication that involves conveying facts and data is known as __________.

<p>information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the communication function with its corresponding example:

<p>Information = A news report detailing the effects of a new policy. Motivation = A coach giving a pep talk to encourage his team to perform better. Regulation or Control = A sign indicating 'Do Not Enter' in a restricted area. Emotional Expression = A poem expressing feelings of grief.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function of communication is primarily involved when a politician delivers a speech aimed at inspiring citizens to participate in community development projects?

<p>Motivation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A simple request is not considered part of Regulation or Control.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the function of emotional expression?

<p>A child crying after falling and scraping their knee. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Communication

The process of sharing messages or information between people.

Elements of Communication

Key parts of the communication process including sender, message, encoding, channel, decoding, receiver, feedback, context, and barrier.

Sender or Speaker

The source that delivers the message in the communication process.

Message

The information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker.

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Encoding

The process of converting the message into words or actions by the speaker.

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Decoding

The process of interpreting the encoded message by the receiver.

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Feedback

The reactions or responses provided by the receiver to the sender's message.

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Linear Model

A communication model that is one-way and lacks feedback, ideal for persuasion but not interactive.

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Dance's Helical Model

A dynamic model of communication showing its non-linear growth through feedback.

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Feedback in Communication

Responses from the receiver that influence the sender's next message.

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Barnlund's Transactional Model

Model emphasizing the role of cues in communication from the environment and personal context.

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Communication Breakdown

Failure in transmitting information, causing misunderstanding between individuals.

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Physical Barriers

Obstacles related to the environment that hinder effective communication.

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Physiological Barriers

Barriers arising from physical limitations like hearing or vision impairments.

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Linguistic Barriers

Obstacles due to language differences making communication challenging.

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Semantic Barriers

Misunderstandings due to different meanings attributed to words or phrases.

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Sociocultural Barriers

Barriers caused by cultural differences affecting communication.

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Technological Barriers

Issues arising from problems with communication tools or technology.

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Psychological Barriers

Mental states like anxiety or stress hindering clear communication.

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Kinesics

Body movements that express meaning during communication.

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Haptics

Communication conveyed through touch, influenced by context.

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Proxemics

Study of personal space and how distance affects communication.

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Chronemics

The significance of time in communication and perceptions.

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Paralanguage

Vocal elements like tone and pitch that add meaning beyond words.

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Transactional Model

A communication model where sender and receiver exchange roles and provide instant feedback.

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Aristotle's Model

An early mass communication model by Aristotle with elements: Sender, Speech, Occasion, Audience, Effect.

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Laswell's Model

A linear model of communication answering: Who says What in Which Channel to Whom with What Effect?

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Shannon-Weaver Model

A linear communication model involving: Source, Transmitter, Channel, Receiver, and Destination.

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Berlo's S-M-C-R Model

A model emphasizing the source, message, channel, and receiver for effective communication.

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Schramm's Model

An interactive communication model highlighting field of experience and feedback loops between sender and receiver.

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Field of Experience

The personal, cultural, and social background affecting message encoding and decoding.

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Noise in Communication

Any interference that distorts a message during transmission or reception.

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Information Function

Communication used to give and receive facts or information.

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Motivation

Communication that encourages or inspires people to take action.

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Internal Motivation

Motivation that comes from personal desires or feelings inside a person.

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External Motivation

Motivation influenced by outside factors or people.

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Regulation or Control

Using communication to influence or manage behavior and activities.

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Commands or Imperatives

Direct orders or requests communicated to someone.

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Emotional Expression

Communication that conveys strong feelings or emotions.

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Social Interaction

The use of communication to connect or socialize with others.

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Basic Forms of Social Interaction

Types of communication used to establish bonds, including invitations, appreciations, and greetings.

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Small Talk

Casual conversation aimed at social interaction, used to get acquainted or maintain relationships.

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Light-Control Talk

A type of communication used to motivate or persuade without aggression.

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Heavy-Control Talk

Communication that blames or controls others, often causing defensiveness.

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Search Talk

A non-threatening way to gather information or consensus from others.

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Straight Talk

Direct communication to express emotions and feelings without judgment.

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Intrapersonal Communication

Communication with oneself, including self-talk or introspection.

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Functions of Social Interaction

Purposes for different types of talk: bonding, motivating, regulating, informing, expressing emotions.

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Study Notes

Communication Defined

  • Communication is derived from the Latin word communis, meaning "to share"
  • It's a process of sharing and conveying messages or information
  • It involves communication across different channels, contexts, media, and cultures
  • Includes symbols, gestures, and non-verbal messages
  • It's a two-way process connecting living and non-living things

Nature of Communication

  • Communication is a process – active and cyclical
  • It occurs between two or more people – interactive
  • Can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions (non-verbal), or a combination

Elements of the Communication Process

  • Sender/Speaker: The source of information
  • Message: The information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed
  • Encoding: Converting the message into words, actions, or other forms
  • Channel: Personal or non-personal, written, verbal, or nonverbal
  • Decoding: Interpreting the encoded message
  • Receiver: The recipient of the message
  • Feedback: The receiver's response or information
  • Context: The environment where communication takes place (e.g., face-to-face interaction, meeting)
  • Noise: Factors affecting the flow of communication

Four Types of Communication

  • Verbal
  • Verbal Written
  • Non-verbal
  • Visual

Communication Models

  • Linear Model: A one-way process (sender to receiver)
  • Interactive Model: A two-way process with feedback
  • Transactional Model: Simultaneous and continuous exchange of messages where communication occurs from multiple directions
  • Aristotle's Model: Includes sender, speech, occasion, audience, and effect
  • Lasswell's Model: Focuses on the who, says what, in what channel, to whom, and what effect
  • Shannon-Weaver Model: Emphasizes the source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination
  • Berlo's S-M-C-R Model: Focuses on the source, message, channel, receiver
  • Schramm's Model: Includes field of experience and feedback
  • Barnlund's Model: Emphasizes the role of cues in impacting communication, including public (environmental) and private (personal) cues
  • Dance's Helical Model: Depicts communication as a dynamic and non-linear process influenced by feedback

Communication Barriers

  • Physical/Environmental: Noise, distance, lighting, spaces
  • Physiological: Hearing or visual impairments
  • Linguistic/Semantic: Language differences
  • Sociocultural: Cultural norms, values, beliefs
  • Technological: Issues with equipment or technology
  • Psychological: Anxiety, stress, defensiveness

Features of Effective Communication

  • Clear and concise
  • Active listening
  • Feedback
  • Empathy
  • Nonverbal cues
  • Conciseness
  • Appropriateness
  • Organization

Speech Context and Styles

  • Intrapersonal: Communication with oneself
  • Interpersonal: Communication involving two or more people
  • Dyadic: Between two people (e.g., conversation)
  • Small Group: Between 3-15 people with an agenda
  • Public: Speaker addressing a large audience
  • Mass: Communication through mass media

Intercultural Communication

  • The exchange of ideas, traditions, values, and practices between different cultures
  • Differences in communication styles across cultures

Speech Acts

  • Locutionary: Uttering a meaningful statement
  • Illocutionary: The speaker's intention
  • Perlocutionary: The effect of the utterance

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