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Questions and Answers
What is the primary aim of biochemistry?
What is the primary aim of biochemistry?
All diseases have a biochemical basis.
All diseases have a biochemical basis.
True (A)
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have a nucleus and such organelles.
Biochemistry has provided explanations for the causes of many diseases in humans, animals, and __________.
Biochemistry has provided explanations for the causes of many diseases in humans, animals, and __________.
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Match the following to their descriptions:
Match the following to their descriptions:
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Which of the following statements best describes biochemistry?
Which of the following statements best describes biochemistry?
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Eukaryotic cells are found only in plants.
Eukaryotic cells are found only in plants.
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Name two types of cells discussed in biochemistry.
Name two types of cells discussed in biochemistry.
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What is the term used to describe small molecules that link together to form polymers?
What is the term used to describe small molecules that link together to form polymers?
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Catabolism refers to the biosynthetic pathways that require energy.
Catabolism refers to the biosynthetic pathways that require energy.
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What type of bond links amino acids together in proteins?
What type of bond links amino acids together in proteins?
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Carbohydrates mainly serve as a primary source of ______.
Carbohydrates mainly serve as a primary source of ______.
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Match the following monomers with their corresponding polymers:
Match the following monomers with their corresponding polymers:
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Which of the following is not a direct source of energy in the human body?
Which of the following is not a direct source of energy in the human body?
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Enzymes act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.
Enzymes act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.
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Name the type of linkage that connects nucleotides in nucleic acids.
Name the type of linkage that connects nucleotides in nucleic acids.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of biomolecule?
Which of the following is NOT a type of biomolecule?
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Prokaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
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What is the term used to describe the collection of various types of molecules in cells?
What is the term used to describe the collection of various types of molecules in cells?
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All organisms use the same type of molecules: ____, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids.
All organisms use the same type of molecules: ____, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids.
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Match the following cell structures with their characteristics:
Match the following cell structures with their characteristics:
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Which type of compound typically contains carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen atoms?
Which type of compound typically contains carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen atoms?
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Water (H2O) is classified as an organic compound.
Water (H2O) is classified as an organic compound.
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What are the three basic needs of a cell to sustain life?
What are the three basic needs of a cell to sustain life?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course name: Fundamentals of Biochemistry
- Course code: BIOC 1251
- Instructor: Dr. Awatif Omran
- Email: [email protected]
- Department: Biochemistry department
Introduction to Biochemistry
- Biochemistry is the study of various molecules found in living cells and organisms, along with their chemical reactions.
- Essential textbooks include:
- Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry
- Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry
- Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
Mode of Study
- Students should use lecture notes, books, e-books, and internet websites for studying.
Course Content - Theoretical
- Overview of Biochemistry and its Principles
- Water, pH, and buffers
- Amino acids, structure, and classification
- Protein structure and function
- Introduction to enzymes
- Introduction to carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides)
- Introduction to lipids (simple, complex, and derived lipids)
- Introduction to nucleic acids (nucleosides, nucleotides, DNA, RNA)
- Introduction to vitamins (water-soluble and fat-soluble)
- Introduction to hormones
Course Content - Practical
- Laboratory health and safety
- Laboratory tools and glassware
- Ninhydrin test
- Biuret test
- Molisch test
- Benedict's test
- Iodine/Potassium iodide test
- Copper acetate test
- Unsaturation test
- Solubility test
- Saponification test
- Salting out test
- Acrolein test
- DNA extraction from fruits
- Mid-term exam
- Final Exam
Assessments
- Quiz: Determined later, 10 points total
- Oral discussion/class activity: During the semester, 5 points total
- Mid-exam: Determined later (possibly by the 9th week), 20 points total
- Lab: 25 points total (lab report/exam)
- Final exam: Final exam, 40 points total; 15% of the total grade
Biochemistry Definition
- Biochemistry is the science concerned with studying various molecules that occur in living cells and organisms and their chemical reactions.
Biochemistry and Its Relationship to Other Fields
- Biochemistry combines concepts from biology, chemistry, and physics to understand biological processes at a molecular level.
- It is a foundation for understanding biological processes.
- It contributes to explaining diseases.
Biochemistry and Medicine
- There's a two-way relationship.
- Biochemistry describes chemical processes and helps explain health and disease.
- Understanding biochemical processes gives medical insights and treatments.
Types of Cells
- Prokaryotes: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria)
- Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plants, animals, fungi)
Biochemistry of the Cell
- The cell is structured with several components, including atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, and organ systems.
- "Life" in biochemistry is a complex interaction of hundreds of biochemical reactions and processes in cells.
- Cells require energy to maintain order and carry out life processes.
- All organisms share the same types of molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
- The instructions for an organism's development are encoded in its DNA.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Structure
- Prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid region for DNA, a cell membrane, a cell wall, and ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, cell membrane, numerous organelles with various functions, and a cytoskeleton.
Composition of Cells
- Animal and plant cells consist of about 10,000 different biomolecules.
- Key biomolecules include water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and ions. These biomolecules are involved in metabolic functions and maintaining cell structure.
Types of Compounds
- Organic compounds: Contain carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen atoms (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).
- Inorganic compounds: Do not contain carbon or a carbon/hydrogen bond (e.g., water, inorganic salts).
Biochemical Substances
- Isolated bioinorganic and bioorganic substances lack life independently.
- Combined in cells, their interactions sustain life.
- Cells require materials, information, and energy for life.
Biomolecules
- The four main biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
- Biomolecules are often polymers—long chains of repeating units (monomers).
- Monomers link together through dehydration synthesis.
Biomolecules – Structure
- Biomolecules have different building blocks (simple sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids).
- These blocks form larger structures (polysaccharides, proteins, RNA/DNA, lipids).
Biochemical Reactions
- Metabolism: All chemical reactions within a living organism.
- Anabolism: Energy-requiring synthesis of molecules.
- Catabolism: Energy-releasing degradation of molecules.
Roles of Important Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates: Primary energy source.
- Lipids: Secondary energy source, structural components.
- Proteins: Structural and functional components.
- Vitamins: Accessory growth factors.
- Minerals: Essential for building and functioning.
- Enzymes: Catalyze biochemical reactions.
- Hormones: Chemical messengers regulating metabolism.
Summary
- Biochemistry is the study of life processes at the molecular level.
- Cells, their structure, and the energy required to maintain their state.
- Biochemical compounds are largely polymers assembled from monomers via dehydration synthesis.
- Life requires the interaction and exchange of various biomolecules.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the core concepts of biochemistry, including molecular structures, enzymatic functions, and biomolecule classifications. This quiz covers the essential principles and topics presented in the Fundamentals of Biochemistry course, including amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
