Fundamentals of Art and Music

• Art translates to "Sining" in Tagalog and originates from the Latin word "Ars," meaning skill.
• Practical art serves a utilitarian purpose, while fine art is primarily concerned with aesthetics.

Music Fundamentals

• Music involves the structured arrangement of sounds evolving through time.
• Musicology is dedicated to the study of how musical styles and forms have changed over time.
• A tone is the smallest identifiable unit in music.
• Melody refers to a sequence of individual tones.
• A melody is a rhythmically organized series of single tones creating a distinct musical idea or phrase, making it easily hummable.
• Harmony occurs when multiple tones are sounded simultaneously.
• Rhythm provides a pulse that divides time in music, defined by the beats.
• Variation is the modification of a musical theme through embellishment, alteration of time or rhythm, harmonization, or changes in instrumentation.

Music History

• Medieval music is characterized by plainchant or Gregorian chant, which is monodic, features a free rhythm, and is unaccompanied.
• Renaissance music saw the rise of the English madrigal and the French chanson.
• During the Renaissance, national and secular music gained prominence, breaking free from monastic constraints.
• Barocco, meaning degenerate, describes a style with excessive ornamentation and heightened intensity.
• The rise of opera occurred during the Barocco period.
• Classical music focuses more on formal structure than emotional expression and emphasizes complexity in style and form.
• Contrasts in dynamics and tempo within movements were introduced as new elements.
• K/Kv refers to Ludwig Kochel’s cataloging system from 1851, assigning numbers to Mozart’s works in presumed chronological order.
• Sonata is a composition for solo instruments, often including a keyboard, typically in 3 or 4 movements that vary in key, mood, and tempo.
• "Rondo alla Turca" is a sonata.
• Rondo is a musical form with a recurring first section between new episodes.
• Alla Turca means "in Turkish style."

Mozart's Requiem

• Mozart worked on the Requiem from February 1784 until December 1791.
• Joseph Eybler and Franz Xaver Süssmayr, Mozart's students, completed the Requiem.
• A Requiem is a Roman Catholic service for the dead, often used for memorial services and musical works in honor of the deceased.
• Mozart’s "Requiem Mass in D minor, K. 626" involves 2 basset horns, 2 trumpets, timpani, 3 trombones, strings, and an organ, lasting about 50 minutes.

Architecture Defined

• Architecture combines mastery of practical skill with the art of creating beauty.
• The term stems from "Arkhitektonike," signifying the art and science of designing buildings for human use and shelter.

Classical Period Architecture

• Classical architecture displays mastery of anatomy, spatial illusion, and naturalism.
• Beauty reflects noble, spiritual, and moral qualities.
• They counter illusions, entosis, corners, stylobate
• Marathonomachoi featured 193 Athenian soldiers.

The Parthenon

• The Parthenon is a doric peripteral temple.
• The entrance has 6 columns.
• The construction used 20,000 tons of attic marble.
• It measures 230ft in length and 100ft in width.
• Parthenos means virgin - named after Athena.
• Naos is the main room, housing the cult statue of Athena.
• Opisthodomos served as the treasury.
• Perikles championed the Parthenon's construction.
• Iktinos and Kallikrates were the architects, and Phidias was the sculptor.

Phidias' Statue of Athena

• Phidias' statue stood 12 meters high.
• Fleshy parts were ivory, with gold plates for the costume.
• Khryselephantinos means of gold and ivory.
• Pediment is a low-pitched gable above a portico.
• Acroterion refers to plinths for statues at the end of the pediment.
• Antefixa refers to plinths for statues at the apex of a pediment.
• Entablature is the upper part of an order.
• Cornice is the projecting section of ornamental moulding.
• Frieze is the middle division of an entablature.
• Triglyph are blocks with 2 vertical grooves in the center and half grooves on either vertical end, separating metopes.
• Metope is the square space between 2 triglyphs.
• Architrave is the lowest part of the entablature.
• Tenia is a small moulding along the top of the architrave.
• Regulus is a short band between the tenia and the guttae.
• Guttae are small drop-like projections below the tenia.

Technical Refinements

• Columns have a slight bulge (entasis) in the middle.
• Corner columns have a slight incline and are closer together.
• The platform (stylobate) is slightly convex.
• Entasis is the slight swelling of the columns as they rise.

Elgin Marbles

• The Elgin Marbles are marble sculptures brought to Britain between 1801 and 1805 by Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin.
• Parliament purchased them in 1816 for £35,000.
• They were deposited in the British Museum.
• There are 247 ft/ 524 ft of frieze.
• There are 15/92 metopes.
• There are 17 partial pedimental figures.
• Elginism means the taking of cultural treasures, often from one country to another.

San Agustin Church

• San Agustin Church was built in 1571 in 4 days using bamboo canes and nipa palm leaves.
• Stones used were Stones: Guadalupe, San Mateo and Meycauayan.
• Architect Juan Macias moonlighting as an architect.
• Interior Designers were Cesare Alberoni and Giovanni Dibella.
• A buttress is used to support or reinforce a wall.
• Narthex is the entrance.
• Nave is the big space.
• There are small chapels.
• There is a gilded pulpit.
• An inverted pineapple features at the pulpit's bottom, representing wealth.
• Trompe-l'oeil is an art technique to create the optical illusion that the depicted objects appear in three dimensions
• Baroque is a style emphasizing dramatic effects, bold forms, elaborate ornamentation, and balance of disparate parts.

Exploration of art's definition, origins, and the distinction between practical and fine arts. Overview of music principles, including tones, melody, harmony, and rhythm. Examination of music history and variation techniques.