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Questions and Answers
Which case upheld the right of Muslim women to alimony and led to the enactment of the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986?
What did the Supreme Court rule in L. Chandra Kumar vs Union of India regarding judicial review?
In M. Nagaraj vs Union of India, what criteria were established for reservations in promotions for SC/STs?
What significant direction did the Supreme Court give in the Prakash Singh vs Union of India case?
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What did the Supreme Court recognize in the Common Cause vs Union of India (Living Will Case)?
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What significant doctrine was established in the case of Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala?
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Which case held that Parliament cannot amend fundamental rights?
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What was the outcome of the Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India case regarding Article 21?
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In the Indra Sawhney case, what percentage of reservations was upheld for OBCs in public sector jobs?
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Which judgment struck down parts of the 42nd Amendment for violating the principle of judicial review?
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What guidelines were established in the case of Vishakha vs State of Rajasthan?
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Which case declared the right to privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21?
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What was the ruling in Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corporation regarding Article 21?
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Study Notes
Fundamental Rights and Amendments
- Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala: Established the basic structure doctrine, which limits Parliament's power to amend the Constitution. This ruling protects the core principles of the Constitution from being altered.
- Golaknath vs State of Punjab: Initially held that Parliament could not amend fundamental rights, but this decision was overturned by the Kesavananda Bharati case.
- Minerva Mills vs Union of India: Reaffirmed the basic structure doctrine and struck down parts of the 42nd Amendment, which violated the principle of judicial review, ensuring the judiciary's role in upholding the Constitution.
Right to Life and Liberty
- Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India: Expanded the scope of Article 21, the right to life and personal liberty, to include the right to travel abroad, emphasizing the importance of procedural fairness in legal proceedings.
Reservation Policy
- Indra Sawhney vs Union of India (Mandal Commission Case): Upheld the validity of 27% reservation for OBCs (Other Backward Classes) in public sector jobs. It also established the 50% reservation ceiling.
Sexual Harassment
- Vishakha vs State of Rajasthan: Laid down guidelines for preventing sexual harassment at workplaces, these are known as the Vishakha Guidelines. These guidelines ensure a safe and respectful working environment for all.
Federalism and Presidential Rule
- S.R.Bommai vs Union of India: Limited the use of Article 356 (President's Rule), which is used to impose presidential rule in a state, by requiring judicial review of such proclamations, ensuring that the federal principle is upheld.
LGBTQ+ Rights
- Navtej Singh Johar vs Union of India: Decriminalized consensual homosexual acts by reading down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, recognizing the right to sexual autonomy and privacy.
Right to Privacy
- K.S.Puttaswamy vs Union of India (Right to Privacy Case): Declared the right to privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21, recognizing its importance for individual autonomy, dignity, and freedom.
Ninth Schedule & Judicial Review
- I.R.Coelho vs State of Tamil Nadu: Held that laws placed under the Ninth Schedule (which protects certain laws from judicial review) are still subject to judicial review if they violate the basic structure of the Constitution.
Right to Livelihood
- Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corporation: Ruled that the right to livelihood is a part of the right to life under Article 21, emphasizing the need for the state to respect the fundamental right to earn a living.
Freedom of Speech and Expression
- Shreya Singhal vs Union of India: Struck down Section 66A of the IT Act for violating freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a), which protects against censorship and ensures free expression.
Muslim Women's Rights
- Mohd. Ahmed Khan vs Shah Bano Begum: Upheld the right of Muslim women to alimony under Section 125 of CrPC. This ruling led to the enactment of the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986, designed to protect the rights of Muslim women during and after divorce.
Judicial Review and Tribunals
- L. Chandra Kumar vs Union of India: Held that judicial review is part of the basic structure, and the power of judicial review of tribunal decisions lies with High Courts and the Supreme Court, strengthening the judiciary's role in upholding the rule of law.
Reservations in Promotions
- M. Nagaraj vs Union of India: Upheld the validity of reservations in promotions for SC/STs while adding conditions like backwardness, inadequate representation, and administrative efficiency, ensuring a balance between reservations and efficiency in the public sector.
Police Reforms
- Prakash Singh vs Union of India: Issued directions for police reforms, including fixing the tenure of DGPs (Director General of Police) and separating law and order from investigations, aimed at improving the efficiency and accountability of the police force.
Euthanasia
- Aruna Shanbaug Case: Allowed passive euthanasia under strict guidelines, setting a precedent for further legal developments on the right to die with dignity.
- Common Cause vs Union of India (Living Will Case): Recognized the right to die with dignity, allowing passive euthanasia and permitting the creation of "living wills," allowing individuals to make decisions about their end-of-life care.
Preventive Detention
- Bhim Singh vs State of Jammu & Kashmir: Highlighted the misuse of preventive detention, emphasizes the importance of individual liberty and safeguards against arbitrary detention.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key Supreme Court cases that shaped the understanding of fundamental rights in India. This quiz covers landmark judgments such as Kesavananda Bharati, Golaknath, and Maneka Gandhi, focusing on their significance in constitutional law and the protection of individual liberties.
