Fundamental Physics Concepts

Study of matter, energy, motion, and forces in the universe.

Describes motion without considering the forces that cause it.

Studies the causes of motion, primarily forces and Newton's laws.

Object stays at rest or in motion unless acted upon by a force.

Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Energy transferred by a force causing displacement.

Measures the average kinetic energy of particles in a system.

Force per unit charge

Potential energy per unit charge

Rate of flow of electric charge

Voltage equals current times resistance (V = IR)

A changing magnetic field induces electromotive force (voltage)

Energy, momentum, and other quantities exist only at discrete levels

Particles exhibit wave-like properties and waves exhibit particle-like properties

It is impossible to know both position and momentum of particle with perfect accuracy

Time passes slower for moving observers relative to stationary observers

The change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the wave