Fundamental Concepts of Physics

Physics Definition: The study of matter, energy, and the interactions between them.
Branches of Physics:
- Classical Mechanics: Motion, forces, energy (Newton's laws).
- Thermodynamics: Heat, work, temperature, and energy transfer.
- Electromagnetism: Electric and magnetic fields and their interactions.
- Quantum Mechanics: Behavior of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic levels.
- Relativity: Effects of gravity and the speed of light on space and time.

Newton's Laws of Motion:
- First Law: An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net external force (Inertia).
- Second Law: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
- Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Conservation Laws:
- Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- Conservation of Momentum: In a closed system, total momentum remains constant.
Thermodynamics Laws:
- First Law: Energy conservation, energy can be transferred as work or heat.
- Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a constant minimum.
Electromagnetic Spectrum:
- Ranges from radio waves to gamma rays, including visible light.
- Key components: Wavelength, frequency, energy.

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses; described by Newton’s law of universal gravitation.
Electromagnetic Force: Acts between charged particles; responsible for electricity, magnetism, and light.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions.
Strong Nuclear Force: Holds protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei.

Wave Properties:
- Amplitude, wavelength, frequency, speed.
- Types: Mechanical (requires medium) and electromagnetic (does not require medium).
Sound Waves:
- Longitudinal waves; travel through mediums due to vibrations of particles.
Light Waves:
- Can behave as both waves and particles (wave-particle duality).

Kinematics:
- ( v = u + at ) (Final velocity)
- ( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 ) (Displacement)
Energy:
- Kinetic Energy: ( KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 )
- Potential Energy: ( PE = mgh )
Ohm's Law:
- ( V = IR ) (Voltage = Current × Resistance)

Physics examines matter, energy, and their interactions.
Classical Mechanics includes motion, forces, and energy, based on Newton's laws.
Thermodynamics involves heat, work, temperature, and energy transfers.
Electromagnetism deals with electric and magnetic fields and their interactions.
Quantum Mechanics studies behaviors at atomic and subatomic levels.
Relativity focuses on gravity's effects and light speed on space and time.

Newton's Laws of Motion:
- First Law: Objects remain at rest or uniform motion without an external force (inertia).
- Second Law: Force varies with mass and acceleration (F = ma).
- Third Law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Conservation Laws:
- Conservation of Energy states energy is transformed, not created or destroyed.
- Conservation of Momentum dictates momentum remains constant in closed systems.
Thermodynamics Laws:
- First Law: Energy is conserved; transferred as work or heat.
- Second Law: Entropy in isolated systems increases; heat does not flow spontaneously from cold to hot.
- Third Law: Temperature approaches absolute zero; entropy reaches a constant minimum.
Electromagnetic Spectrum:
- Includes radio waves to gamma rays; visible light is a part of this range.
- Key parameters are wavelength, frequency, and energy.

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses outlined by Newton's universal gravitation.
Electromagnetic Force: Interaction between charged particles; causes electricity, magnetism, and light.
Weak Nuclear Force: Mediates radioactive decay and interacts with neutrinos.
Strong Nuclear Force: Binds protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei.

Wave Properties: Defined by amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed.
Mechanical waves require a medium, while electromagnetic waves do not.
Sound Waves: Longitudinal waves transmitted through vibrating particles in a medium.
Light Waves: Exhibit wave-particle duality, behaving as both waves and particles.

Kinematics:
- Final velocity: ( v = u + at )
- Displacement: ( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 )
Energy:
- Kinetic Energy: ( KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 )
- Potential Energy: ( PE = mgh )
Ohm's Law:
- ( V = IR ) (Voltage equals current times resistance)

Engineering: Involves structural design, materials science, and mechanical systems.
Technology: Encompasses electronics, telecommunications, and medical devices.
Environmental Science: Focuses on energy conservation and climate modeling.
Astronomy: Studies celestial bodies and related phenomena.